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      name:  <unnamed>
       log:  -
  log type:  text
 opened on:  18 Aug 2021, 20:56:35

. *Code verified using Stata/SE 16.1.
. 
. //TABLE OF CONTENTS.
. //0.0. Packages.
. //1.0. Online Appendix.
. //1.1. Some preparation.
. //1.2. Descriptive Statistics.
. //1.3. Regression Models.
. 
. 
. //0.0. PACKAGES.
. 
. *We use "blindschemes" for all graphs, "covbal" for the balance statistics, and "xtabond2" for the dynamic GMM
>  models. These packages can be downloaded via the Stata console:
. 
. ssc install blindschemes
checking blindschemes consistency and verifying not already installed...
all files already exist and are up to date.

. ssc install covbal
checking covbal consistency and verifying not already installed...
all files already exist and are up to date.

. ssc install xtabond2
checking xtabond2 consistency and verifying not already installed...
all files already exist and are up to date.

. 
. 
. //1.0. ONLINE APPENDIX.
. 
. *Load dataset. Below code should be performed in order.
. 
. 
. //1.1. SOME PREPARATION.
. 
. *Sort data and xtset
. sort agency_id year

. xtset agency_id year
       panel variable:  agency_id (unbalanced)
        time variable:  year, 1971 to 2014, but with gaps
                delta:  1 unit

. 
. *Generate inflation-adjusted budget.
. gen i_budget=budget*inflation

. 
. *Generate log budget.
. gen lni_budget=ln(i_budget)
(6 missing values generated)

. 
. *Generate lag budget.
. by agency_id: gen llni_budget = l.lni_budget
(500 missing values generated)

. 
. *Generate growth.
. bys agency_id: gen bgrowth = (D.i_budget/L.i_budget)
(500 missing values generated)

. replace bgrowth=bgrowth*100
(6,555 real changes made)

. 
. *Generate lag growth.
. by agency_id: gen lbgrowth = l.bgrowth
(957 missing values generated)

. 
. *Generate bootstrap identifier.
. gen bs_agency_id=agency_id

. 
. *Use Hadi's ancient method to identify some outliers.
. hadimvo bgrowth, gen(odd)

Beginning number of observations:          6555
              Initially accepted:             2
             Expand to (n+k+1)/2:          3278
                Expand,  p = .05:          6294
              Outliers remaining:           261

. 
. 
. //1.2. DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS.
. sort agency_id year

. 
. //Table A1. Descriptive Statistics.
. sum bgrowth conflict academic political private public council board creator l.lni_budget if bgrowth~=.

    Variable |        Obs        Mean    Std. Dev.       Min        Max
-------------+---------------------------------------------------------
     bgrowth |      6,555    45426.78     1834794       -100   1.29e+08
    conflict |      6,555    .3148741    .4645012          0          1
    academic |      5,621    .3538516    .4782064          0          1
   political |      5,863    .3378816    .4730283          0          1
     private |      5,803    .0896088    .2856451          0          1
-------------+---------------------------------------------------------
      public |      5,830    .6030875    .4892995          0          1
     council |      6,555    .2555301    .4361921          0          1
       board |      6,555    .5977117    .4903969          0          1
     creator |      6,555    .4033562    .4906085          0          1
             |
  lni_budget |
         L1. |      6,555    17.79692    2.582442    7.11037   24.18648

. 
. //Table A2. Covariate Balance (Estimation Sample).
. covbal conflict academic political private public council board creator llni_budget if bgrowth~=.



             |             Treated             |             Control             |        Balance       
             |      Mean   Variance   Skewness |      Mean   Variance   Skewness |  Std-diff  Var-ratio 
-------------+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+----------------------
    academic |  .3542019    .228872   .6096885 |  .3525812   .2283284   .6171074 |  .0033898   1.002381 
   political |   .323181   .2188585   .7561355 |  .3336881   .2223995    .705414 | -.0223692    .984078 
     private |  .0840384   .0770193   2.998513 |  .0928685   .0842664   2.805403 | -.0310948   .9139983 
      public |  .6181613   .2361711  -.4864233 |  .6091006   .2381604  -.4471776 |  .0186053   .9916471 
     council |  .2633954   .1941277   1.074316 |    .26876   .1965804   1.043232 | -.0121374   .9875236 
       board |  .6192893   .2359031  -.4913459 |  .6197445    .235724  -.4933347 | -.0009374    1.00076 
     creator |  .5882685   .2423454  -.3587077 |   .314529   .2156579   .7988792 |  .5720291   1.123749 
 llni_budget |  17.92355   6.960608  -1.602316 |  17.95742   6.379211  -1.553974 | -.0131168   1.091139 
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------



. 
. 
. //1.3. REGRESSION MODELS.
. 
. *We present the tables slightly out of order to save the GMM models for last.
. 
. 
. //Table A5. Replications with Alternative Outcome Restrictions.
. 
. *Model 1.
. xtreg bgrowth i.conflict i.academic i.political i.private i.public i.council i.board i.creator cl.lni_budget i
> .year if bgrowth<100 & bgrowth>-100, fe r

Fixed-effects (within) regression               Number of obs     =      5,408
Group variable: agency_id                       Number of groups  =        371

R-sq:                                           Obs per group:
     within  = 0.1992                                         min =          1
     between = 0.0000                                         avg =       14.6
     overall = 0.1125                                         max =         43

                                                F(51,370)         =      19.53
corr(u_i, Xb)  = -0.3595                        Prob > F          =     0.0000

                            (Std. Err. adjusted for 371 clusters in agency_id)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
             |               Robust
     bgrowth |      Coef.   Std. Err.      t    P>|t|     [95% Conf. Interval]
-------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
  1.conflict |  -2.475146   .6957249    -3.56   0.000    -3.843217   -1.107075
  1.academic |  -1.735125   1.209962    -1.43   0.152     -4.11439    .6441403
 1.political |  -.1473266   1.051484    -0.14   0.889    -2.214961    1.920308
   1.private |  -.5115672   1.389819    -0.37   0.713    -3.244503    2.221369
    1.public |     1.6273   .7662928     2.12   0.034     .1204646    3.134135
   1.council |   .4471277   1.220243     0.37   0.714    -1.952353    2.846608
     1.board |  -.5686061   1.075375    -0.53   0.597     -2.68322    1.546008
   1.creator |  -.3517827   .6128232    -0.57   0.566    -1.556836    .8532705
             |
  lni_budget |
         L1. |  -1.830893   .7268373    -2.52   0.012    -3.260143   -.4016427
             |
        year |
       1973  |   10.18648   2.678283     3.80   0.000     4.919917    15.45305
       1974  |  -3.408678    2.39908    -1.42   0.156    -8.126219    1.308864
       1975  |  -3.129977    2.14981    -1.46   0.146    -7.357356    1.097401
       1976  |  -1.087791   2.616257    -0.42   0.678     -6.23239    4.056807
       1977  |    10.7178   2.919047     3.67   0.000     4.977792     16.4578
       1978  |   1.849904   2.573724     0.72   0.473    -3.211057    6.910864
       1979  |   7.043502   2.749177     2.56   0.011     1.637531    12.44947
       1980  |  -4.821861   2.371583    -2.03   0.043    -9.485334   -.1583892
       1981  |   1.258744   2.999261     0.42   0.675    -4.638992     7.15648
       1982  |  -2.461748   2.453772    -1.00   0.316    -7.286836    2.363341
       1983  |  -4.761858   2.601081    -1.83   0.068    -9.876613    .3528975
       1984  |  -5.408492   2.405542    -2.25   0.025    -10.13874   -.6782428
       1985  |  -5.397335   2.373357    -2.27   0.024    -10.06429   -.7303749
       1986  |  -.8577054    2.33243    -0.37   0.713    -5.444187    3.728776
       1987  |  -1.692244   2.574661    -0.66   0.511    -6.755048    3.370559
       1988  |  -5.480506    2.92236    -1.88   0.062    -11.22702    .2660111
       1989  |  -4.812854   3.118322    -1.54   0.124    -10.94471    1.319003
       1990  |  -6.206745   3.132972    -1.98   0.048    -12.36741   -.0460803
       1991  |   -10.3135   2.924204    -3.53   0.000    -16.06365   -4.563361
       1992  |   1.119959   3.241274     0.35   0.730    -5.253669    7.493588
       1993  |  -5.897093   3.035084    -1.94   0.053    -11.86527    .0710835
       1994  |  -3.343567   3.172688    -1.05   0.293    -9.582329    2.895195
       1995  |   6.747653   3.279062     2.06   0.040     .2997183    13.19559
       1996  |   37.65201   3.652721    10.31   0.000     30.46931     44.8347
       1997  |  -30.29129   2.905433   -10.43   0.000    -36.00453   -24.57806
       1998  |  -4.629292   2.785517    -1.66   0.097    -10.10672    .8481369
       1999  |  -4.227988   2.833328    -1.49   0.136    -9.799433    1.343457
       2000  |  -7.814493    2.92238    -2.67   0.008    -13.56105   -2.067936
       2001  |   -5.28482   3.169178    -1.67   0.096    -11.51668    .9470395
       2002  |  -3.771397   2.618928    -1.44   0.151    -8.921246    1.378453
       2003  |  -4.644557   2.655172    -1.75   0.081    -9.865677     .576563
       2004  |  -4.485838   2.530782    -1.77   0.077    -9.462358    .4906826
       2005  |  -4.435467   2.562728    -1.73   0.084    -9.474805    .6038706
       2006  |  -3.860812   2.582387    -1.50   0.136    -8.938807    1.217183
       2007  |  -2.657265   2.689439    -0.99   0.324    -7.945767    2.631237
       2008  |  -9.957671    2.82587    -3.52   0.000    -15.51445   -4.400891
       2009  |  -3.861554   2.827994    -1.37   0.173    -9.422511    1.699402
       2010  |  -1.361066   2.867951    -0.47   0.635    -7.000594    4.278461
       2011  |  -8.811205   2.820927    -3.12   0.002    -14.35826   -3.264146
       2012  |  -4.463108   2.683395    -1.66   0.097    -9.739727    .8135104
       2013  |  -5.212264   2.624196    -1.99   0.048    -10.37247   -.0520547
       2014  |  -4.476599   2.603446    -1.72   0.086    -9.596006    .6428076
             |
       _cons |     39.016   12.69003     3.07   0.002     14.06236    63.96964
-------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
     sigma_u |  10.914983
     sigma_e |  18.701107
         rho |  .25409452   (fraction of variance due to u_i)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

. 
. *Model 2.
. xtreg bgrowth i.conflict i.academic i.political i.private i.public i.council i.board i.creator cl.lni_budget i
> .year if bgrowth<80 & bgrowth>-80, fe r

Fixed-effects (within) regression               Number of obs     =      5,317
Group variable: agency_id                       Number of groups  =        371

R-sq:                                           Obs per group:
     within  = 0.2613                                         min =          1
     between = 0.0121                                         avg =       14.3
     overall = 0.1940                                         max =         43

                                                F(51,370)         =      35.01
corr(u_i, Xb)  = -0.2073                        Prob > F          =     0.0000

                            (Std. Err. adjusted for 371 clusters in agency_id)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
             |               Robust
     bgrowth |      Coef.   Std. Err.      t    P>|t|     [95% Conf. Interval]
-------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
  1.conflict |  -1.867704   .5851823    -3.19   0.002    -3.018404   -.7170035
  1.academic |  -1.054706   .9369656    -1.13   0.261    -2.897152    .7877397
 1.political |  -.7770331   .6958716    -1.12   0.265    -2.145392    .5913262
   1.private |   .8667552   .9947942     0.87   0.384    -1.089404    2.822915
    1.public |   .8230103   .6528504     1.26   0.208    -.4607524    2.106773
   1.council |    .403943   .8655917     0.47   0.641    -1.298153    2.106039
     1.board |  -2.133957   .8857201    -2.41   0.016    -3.875634   -.3922808
   1.creator |  -.2971013   .5107787    -0.58   0.561    -1.301495     .707292
             |
  lni_budget |
         L1. |  -.6952822   .5126598    -1.36   0.176    -1.703375    .3128101
             |
        year |
       1973  |   12.14798   2.281283     5.33   0.000     7.662074    16.63389
       1974  |  -1.633689   1.910519    -0.86   0.393    -5.390525    2.123147
       1975  |   -2.06201   1.822693    -1.13   0.259    -5.646146    1.522126
       1976  |  -.4929528   2.387953    -0.21   0.837    -5.188615     4.20271
       1977  |   8.901277   2.415823     3.68   0.000     4.150811    13.65174
       1978  |   2.587908   2.305738     1.12   0.262    -1.946086    7.121902
       1979  |   5.638458   2.101388     2.68   0.008     1.506296    9.770619
       1980  |  -4.084902    2.05553    -1.99   0.048    -8.126888   -.0429163
       1981  |   1.986925   2.426015     0.82   0.413    -2.783582    6.757433
       1982  |  -3.853166   1.886797    -2.04   0.042    -7.563356   -.1429764
       1983  |  -4.039609   2.152375    -1.88   0.061    -8.272031     .192813
       1984  |  -3.524258   1.955141    -1.80   0.072    -7.368839    .3203241
       1985  |  -5.071697   1.912721    -2.65   0.008    -8.832865   -1.310528
       1986  |  -.6718389   2.020497    -0.33   0.740    -4.644937    3.301259
       1987  |   -.020249   2.186444    -0.01   0.993    -4.319665    4.279167
       1988  |  -3.921713   2.386147    -1.64   0.101    -8.613824    .7703981
       1989  |  -.7794325   2.385988    -0.33   0.744     -5.47123    3.912365
       1990  |  -1.597538   2.345278    -0.68   0.496    -6.209283    3.014208
       1991  |  -5.751035   2.229764    -2.58   0.010    -10.13563   -1.366435
       1992  |   5.568363   2.238797     2.49   0.013     1.166002    9.970725
       1993  |   -4.95389   2.372352    -2.09   0.037    -9.618875   -.2889062
       1994  |   .6366925    2.39172     0.27   0.790    -4.066377    5.339762
       1995  |   10.05777   2.351742     4.28   0.000     5.433311    14.68222
       1996  |   39.55474   2.566017    15.41   0.000     34.50894    44.60055
       1997  |  -28.90545   2.367244   -12.21   0.000    -33.56039   -24.25051
       1998  |  -3.866642   2.342327    -1.65   0.100    -8.472586    .7393009
       1999  |  -.7286719   2.318805    -0.31   0.754    -5.288361    3.831017
       2000  |  -5.609517   2.224183    -2.52   0.012    -9.983141   -1.235892
       2001  |  -1.405139    2.32109    -0.61   0.545    -5.969321    3.159043
       2002  |  -2.347863   2.132135    -1.10   0.272    -6.540485     1.84476
       2003  |  -3.186515   2.165976    -1.47   0.142    -7.445681    1.072652
       2004  |  -3.092792   2.005899    -1.54   0.124    -7.037185     .851601
       2005  |  -2.953942   2.049146    -1.44   0.150    -6.983375     1.07549
       2006  |  -2.529259   2.016184    -1.25   0.210    -6.493877    1.435358
       2007  |  -1.978456   2.122961    -0.93   0.352    -6.153039    2.196128
       2008  |  -8.491926   2.206497    -3.85   0.000    -12.83077   -4.153078
       2009  |  -4.194036   2.329404    -1.80   0.073    -8.774568     .386496
       2010  |   -2.80477   2.162998    -1.30   0.196    -7.058081     1.44854
       2011  |  -6.975694   2.237374    -3.12   0.002    -11.37526   -2.576129
       2012  |  -3.930137   2.167234    -1.81   0.071    -8.191777    .3315043
       2013  |  -5.094106   2.058518    -2.47   0.014    -9.141968   -1.046244
       2014  |  -4.338432   2.028655    -2.14   0.033    -8.327572   -.3492918
             |
       _cons |   18.76712   8.950271     2.10   0.037     1.167344     36.3669
-------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
     sigma_u |  8.5745801
     sigma_e |  14.813035
         rho |  .25097651   (fraction of variance due to u_i)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

. 
. *Model 3.
. xtreg bgrowth i.conflict i.academic i.political i.private i.public i.council i.board i.creator cl.lni_budget i
> .year if bgrowth<60 & bgrowth>-60, fe r

Fixed-effects (within) regression               Number of obs     =      5,227
Group variable: agency_id                       Number of groups  =        371

R-sq:                                           Obs per group:
     within  = 0.2694                                         min =          1
     between = 0.0387                                         avg =       14.1
     overall = 0.2105                                         max =         43

                                                F(51,370)         =      31.98
corr(u_i, Xb)  = -0.1622                        Prob > F          =     0.0000

                            (Std. Err. adjusted for 371 clusters in agency_id)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
             |               Robust
     bgrowth |      Coef.   Std. Err.      t    P>|t|     [95% Conf. Interval]
-------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
  1.conflict |  -1.919376   .5553687    -3.46   0.001    -3.011451   -.8273011
  1.academic |  -1.146566   .7588599    -1.51   0.132    -2.638785    .3456532
 1.political |  -.2618388   .6479168    -0.40   0.686      -1.5359    1.012222
   1.private |   1.508933    .894222     1.69   0.092     -.249462    3.267327
    1.public |   .9684609   .5702677     1.70   0.090    -.1529114    2.089833
   1.council |   .1946882    .636657     0.31   0.760    -1.057232    1.446608
     1.board |  -1.771237   .7643763    -2.32   0.021    -3.274304   -.2681702
   1.creator |  -.2050258   .4851006    -0.42   0.673    -1.158926    .7488743
             |
  lni_budget |
         L1. |  -.2170431   .4023232    -0.54   0.590     -1.00817    .5740838
             |
        year |
       1973  |   10.95786   1.918368     5.71   0.000     7.185583    14.73013
       1974  |  -.7933866   1.828911    -0.43   0.665    -4.389751    2.802977
       1975  |  -1.319395   1.700898    -0.78   0.438    -4.664035    2.025245
       1976  |  -1.309053   1.868825    -0.70   0.484    -4.983904    2.365798
       1977  |   9.403228   2.342579     4.01   0.000     4.796788    14.00967
       1978  |   2.286909   2.007477     1.14   0.255    -1.660585    6.234404
       1979  |   5.485553   1.896124     2.89   0.004     1.757022    9.214083
       1980  |  -3.258624   1.894065    -1.72   0.086    -6.983107     .465859
       1981  |   1.590574   2.303512     0.69   0.490    -2.939044    6.120192
       1982  |  -4.253005   1.697926    -2.50   0.013    -7.591801   -.9142094
       1983  |  -3.073673   1.793839    -1.71   0.087    -6.601071    .4537257
       1984  |  -2.733991   1.772552    -1.54   0.124    -6.219531    .7515483
       1985  |   -4.79712   1.804694    -2.66   0.008    -8.345864   -1.248376
       1986  |  -1.139857   1.798923    -0.63   0.527    -4.677253    2.397539
       1987  |    .044334   1.948556     0.02   0.982    -3.787299    3.875967
       1988  |  -2.556461   2.032168    -1.26   0.209    -6.552509    1.439587
       1989  |  -1.071369   2.013393    -0.53   0.595    -5.030498    2.887759
       1990  |   -2.05538   1.883723    -1.09   0.276    -5.759526    1.648766
       1991  |  -5.722566   2.153204    -2.66   0.008    -9.956619   -1.488514
       1992  |    4.43092   2.012882     2.20   0.028     .4727952    8.389044
       1993  |  -2.550098   2.057914    -1.24   0.216    -6.596771    1.496576
       1994  |   -.164717   2.289724    -0.07   0.943    -4.667222    4.337788
       1995  |   10.04988   2.058263     4.88   0.000     6.002519    14.09724
       1996  |   35.18726   2.427688    14.49   0.000     30.41347    39.96106
       1997  |  -28.72995   2.137906   -13.44   0.000    -32.93392   -24.52597
       1998  |  -2.980167   2.110849    -1.41   0.159    -7.130933    1.170599
       1999  |  -.4038996   2.031713    -0.20   0.843    -4.399052    3.591253
       2000  |  -3.539525   1.954161    -1.81   0.071     -7.38218    .3031307
       2001  |  -1.437679   2.160468    -0.67   0.506    -5.686015    2.810657
       2002  |  -1.819728   1.919648    -0.95   0.344    -5.594517    1.955061
       2003  |    -3.3223   1.995149    -1.67   0.097    -7.245553    .6009533
       2004  |  -2.458152   1.828553    -1.34   0.180    -6.053812    1.137508
       2005  |  -2.713025   1.908174    -1.42   0.156    -6.465251    1.039201
       2006  |  -2.355824   1.879386    -1.25   0.211    -6.051441    1.339794
       2007  |  -1.225549   1.935644    -0.63   0.527    -5.031793    2.580694
       2008  |  -7.969654   2.069192    -3.85   0.000     -12.0385   -3.900804
       2009  |  -2.559612   2.023457    -1.26   0.207     -6.53853    1.419306
       2010  |  -2.184286   2.010331    -1.09   0.278    -6.137393    1.768821
       2011  |  -7.002228   2.000023    -3.50   0.001    -10.93507    -3.06939
       2012  |  -3.496164   2.027839    -1.72   0.086    -7.483699    .4913717
       2013  |  -4.662004    1.86736    -2.50   0.013    -8.333973   -.9900353
       2014  |  -4.040993   1.834246    -2.20   0.028    -7.647847   -.4341383
             |
       _cons |   9.341946   7.050909     1.32   0.186    -4.522935    23.20683
-------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
     sigma_u |   7.574799
     sigma_e |  12.748548
         rho |  .26092215   (fraction of variance due to u_i)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

. 
. *Model 4.
. xtreg bgrowth i.conflict i.academic i.political i.private i.public i.council i.board i.creator cl.lni_budget i
> .year if bgrowth<40 & bgrowth>-40, fe r

Fixed-effects (within) regression               Number of obs     =      4,996
Group variable: agency_id                       Number of groups  =        370

R-sq:                                           Obs per group:
     within  = 0.2048                                         min =          1
     between = 0.0018                                         avg =       13.5
     overall = 0.1473                                         max =         43

                                                F(51,369)         =      17.31
corr(u_i, Xb)  = -0.1679                        Prob > F          =     0.0000

                            (Std. Err. adjusted for 370 clusters in agency_id)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
             |               Robust
     bgrowth |      Coef.   Std. Err.      t    P>|t|     [95% Conf. Interval]
-------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
  1.conflict |  -1.103745   .4396962    -2.51   0.012     -1.96837   -.2391205
  1.academic |   -.954346   .6364513    -1.50   0.135    -2.205873    .2971807
 1.political |  -.8024222   .5242783    -1.53   0.127     -1.83337    .2285257
   1.private |   .9890848   .7293438     1.36   0.176    -.4451068    2.423276
    1.public |   .7769245   .4784205     1.62   0.105    -.1638482    1.717697
   1.council |   .2650205   .5110723     0.52   0.604    -.7399592        1.27
     1.board |  -1.238698   .6843879    -1.81   0.071    -2.584488    .1070916
   1.creator |   -.039781   .3896536    -0.10   0.919    -.8060012    .7264391
             |
  lni_budget |
         L1. |     -.0339   .2387249    -0.14   0.887    -.5033318    .4355319
             |
        year |
       1973  |   8.929449   1.370193     6.52   0.000     6.235083    11.62381
       1974  |  -1.570801   1.599743    -0.98   0.327    -4.716557    1.574955
       1975  |  -1.566697   1.250336    -1.25   0.211    -4.025376    .8919806
       1976  |  -1.638126   1.560037    -1.05   0.294    -4.705804    1.429552
       1977  |   5.686352   1.840375     3.09   0.002     2.067413     9.30529
       1978  |  -.0360483   1.602949    -0.02   0.982    -3.188109    3.116012
       1979  |   4.113951   1.485382     2.77   0.006     1.193076    7.034825
       1980  |  -4.205801   1.610755    -2.61   0.009    -7.373212    -1.03839
       1981  |   .3332551   1.710379     0.19   0.846    -3.030058    3.696568
       1982  |  -4.644799   1.477852    -3.14   0.002    -7.550868   -1.738731
       1983  |  -3.331663   1.439877    -2.31   0.021    -6.163058   -.5002689
       1984  |  -3.697994   1.439256    -2.57   0.011    -6.528167   -.8678204
       1985  |  -4.988029   1.499097    -3.33   0.001    -7.935873   -2.040185
       1986  |  -1.468225   1.486652    -0.99   0.324    -4.391598    1.455147
       1987  |  -1.095175   1.602008    -0.68   0.495    -4.245385    2.055035
       1988  |  -3.982704   1.597809    -2.49   0.013    -7.124658   -.8407502
       1989  |  -2.410288   1.603631    -1.50   0.134     -5.56369    .7431151
       1990  |  -2.596207   1.555109    -1.67   0.096    -5.654195    .4617804
       1991  |  -5.145257   1.670453    -3.08   0.002    -8.430058   -1.860456
       1992  |   2.914138   1.687967     1.73   0.085    -.4051027    6.233379
       1993  |  -3.011116   1.582479    -1.90   0.058    -6.122925    .1006919
       1994  |  -1.436352   1.700538    -0.84   0.399    -4.780312    1.907608
       1995  |    7.57626   1.648371     4.60   0.000      4.33488    10.81764
       1996  |   17.90762   2.802218     6.39   0.000      12.3973    23.41794
       1997  |  -27.21165   1.911551   -14.24   0.000    -30.97055   -23.45275
       1998  |  -2.873015   1.760405    -1.63   0.104    -6.334699    .5886699
       1999  |  -1.193223   1.535839    -0.78   0.438    -4.213317    1.826872
       2000  |  -2.419675   1.498516    -1.61   0.107    -5.366377    .5270264
       2001  |   .1111119   1.592445     0.07   0.944    -3.020294    3.242518
       2002  |  -1.542221   1.569272    -0.98   0.326    -4.628058    1.543617
       2003  |  -3.472086   1.506921    -2.30   0.022    -6.435316   -.5088556
       2004  |  -2.812118   1.415795    -1.99   0.048    -5.596157   -.0280786
       2005  |  -2.933413   1.541878    -1.90   0.058    -5.965382    .0985561
       2006  |  -1.814928   1.525659    -1.19   0.235    -4.815004    1.185148
       2007  |   -2.04257   1.532499    -1.33   0.183    -5.056097    .9709565
       2008  |  -6.058201   1.566969    -3.87   0.000    -9.139511   -2.976891
       2009  |  -3.523868   1.514764    -2.33   0.021     -6.50252   -.5452163
       2010  |  -2.704149   1.508331    -1.79   0.074    -5.670153    .2618538
       2011  |  -6.381049   1.597952    -3.99   0.000    -9.523284   -3.238814
       2012  |  -2.704764   1.581817    -1.71   0.088    -5.815271    .4057434
       2013  |  -4.166705   1.520492    -2.74   0.006    -7.156622   -1.176788
       2014  |  -3.196381    1.47535    -2.17   0.031     -6.09753   -.2952315
             |
       _cons |   5.654001   4.280855     1.32   0.187     -2.76393    14.07193
-------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
     sigma_u |  6.6664245
     sigma_e |  10.128534
         rho |  .30226276   (fraction of variance due to u_i)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

. 
. *Model 5.
. xtreg bgrowth i.conflict i.academic i.political i.private i.public i.council i.board i.creator cl.lni_budget i
> .year if bgrowth<20 & bgrowth>-20, fe r

Fixed-effects (within) regression               Number of obs     =      4,452
Group variable: agency_id                       Number of groups  =        366

R-sq:                                           Obs per group:
     within  = 0.1071                                         min =          1
     between = 0.0172                                         avg =       12.2
     overall = 0.0926                                         max =         40

                                                F(51,365)         =      10.49
corr(u_i, Xb)  = -0.0708                        Prob > F          =     0.0000

                            (Std. Err. adjusted for 366 clusters in agency_id)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
             |               Robust
     bgrowth |      Coef.   Std. Err.      t    P>|t|     [95% Conf. Interval]
-------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
  1.conflict |  -.7287774   .3202798    -2.28   0.023    -1.358603   -.0989522
  1.academic |  -.7175701   .4412593    -1.63   0.105      -1.5853    .1501595
 1.political |  -.0545875   .3826899    -0.14   0.887    -.8071413    .6979662
   1.private |   .7665413    .458005     1.67   0.095    -.1341186    1.667201
    1.public |  -.2754577   .3085962    -0.89   0.373    -.8823073    .3313919
   1.council |   .0737245   .4300775     0.17   0.864    -.7720163    .9194652
     1.board |  -.8839317   .4594031    -1.92   0.055    -1.787341    .0194775
   1.creator |   .0341005   .3120138     0.11   0.913      -.57947    .6476709
             |
  lni_budget |
         L1. |   .2794554   .1338544     2.09   0.038     .0162327    .5426781
             |
        year |
       1973  |   7.335536   .8824842     8.31   0.000     5.600145    9.070928
       1974  |   .2215342   1.117736     0.20   0.843    -1.976477    2.419546
       1975  |  -.9371372   .9443677    -0.99   0.322    -2.794222    .9199474
       1976  |   .5765435   .9917733     0.58   0.561    -1.373763     2.52685
       1977  |   5.336605   1.150008     4.64   0.000     3.075132    7.598078
       1978  |  -.4684324   1.045046    -0.45   0.654      -2.5235    1.586635
       1979  |   4.787814   .9767522     4.90   0.000     2.867045    6.708582
       1980  |  -2.891217   1.005617    -2.88   0.004    -4.868748   -.9136863
       1981  |   .2532384   1.210142     0.21   0.834    -2.126487    2.632964
       1982  |  -2.092575     1.0449    -2.00   0.046    -4.147355   -.0377957
       1983  |  -2.748136   .9967597    -2.76   0.006    -4.708248   -.7880231
       1984  |   -2.25548   1.012205    -2.23   0.026    -4.245965   -.2649951
       1985  |  -2.952874   1.071691    -2.76   0.006    -5.060339   -.8454097
       1986  |  -.0842775   .9800549    -0.09   0.932     -2.01154    1.842985
       1987  |   .5619051   1.039985     0.54   0.589    -1.483209     2.60702
       1988  |  -1.823454   .9969476    -1.83   0.068    -3.783936    .1370285
       1989  |  -.8716608   1.067589    -0.82   0.415    -2.971058    1.227736
       1990  |  -.5792627   1.130376    -0.51   0.609    -2.802131    1.643605
       1991  |  -2.362296   1.069044    -2.21   0.028    -4.464554    -.260038
       1992  |   1.543117   1.123075     1.37   0.170    -.6653929    3.751627
       1993  |  -.1717745   1.014659    -0.17   0.866    -2.167087    1.823538
       1994  |  -1.104935   1.178442    -0.94   0.349    -3.422323    1.212453
       1995  |   5.059067   1.128349     4.48   0.000     2.840186    7.277947
       1996  |   7.507121   1.868998     4.02   0.000     3.831764    11.18248
       1997  |  -10.00097   1.853632    -5.40   0.000    -13.64611    -6.35583
       1998  |  -.0925687   1.198433    -0.08   0.938    -2.449269    2.264131
       1999  |     -.1636   1.127239    -0.15   0.885    -2.380299    2.053099
       2000  |    .182293   1.069885     0.17   0.865    -1.921618    2.286204
       2001  |   .9335296   1.088299     0.86   0.392    -1.206594    3.073653
       2002  |   .7279233   1.040525     0.70   0.485    -1.318254      2.7741
       2003  |  -.1462186   .9729606    -0.15   0.881    -2.059531    1.767093
       2004  |   .4736727    .939811     0.50   0.615    -1.374451    2.321797
       2005  |  -.4832267   .9949195    -0.49   0.627    -2.439721    1.473267
       2006  |   1.352676   .9918112     1.36   0.173    -.5977058    3.303057
       2007  |    .114773   1.048893     0.11   0.913    -1.947858    2.177404
       2008  |  -2.307042   1.080272    -2.14   0.033    -4.431379   -.1827041
       2009  |   .4189769   1.061732     0.39   0.693    -1.668902    2.506856
       2010  |   1.141058   1.031964     1.11   0.270    -.8882833    3.170399
       2011  |   -2.93369   1.008379    -2.91   0.004    -4.916651   -.9507287
       2012  |  -.1600615   1.054728    -0.15   0.879    -2.234168    1.914045
       2013  |  -.7307614    .982691    -0.74   0.458    -2.663208    1.201685
       2014  |   .7427482   .9651886     0.77   0.442     -1.15528    2.640777
             |
       _cons |  -2.594912   2.412853    -1.08   0.283     -7.33975    2.149927
-------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
     sigma_u |  4.1293459
     sigma_e |  6.6074861
         rho |  .28086631   (fraction of variance due to u_i)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

. 
. 
. //Table A7. Replications with Inverse Probability of Treatment Weighting.
. 
. *For these models we use Stata's treatment effects environment. Because we only want to include agencies with 
> actual variance on the treatment in these models, we start by creating a set of variables that identify those 
> agencies and then use them to restrict the estimation sample. We also add a year restriction to avoid a few ye
> ars in the 1970s with constant treatment status.
.  
. egen xmin=min(conflict), by(agency_id)

. egen xmax=max(conflict), by(agency_id)

. 
. *IPTW 1.
. teffects ipw (bgrowth) (conflict academic political private public creator board council llni_budget i.year i.
> ministry_code) if year>1976 & odd==0 & xmin==0 & xmax==1, vce(robust)

Iteration 0:   EE criterion =  2.549e-21  
Iteration 1:   EE criterion =  9.672e-32  

Treatment-effects estimation                    Number of obs     =      4,608
Estimator      : inverse-probability weights
Outcome model  : weighted mean
Treatment model: logit
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
              |               Robust
      bgrowth |      Coef.   Std. Err.      z    P>|z|     [95% Conf. Interval]
--------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
ATE           |
     conflict |
    (1 vs 0)  |  -1.706015   .4838853    -3.53   0.000    -2.654413   -.7576174
--------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
POmean        |
     conflict |
           0  |   3.641902   .3302614    11.03   0.000     2.994601    4.289202
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

. 
. *Imai-Ratkovic test, somewhat slow.
. tebalance overid

Iteration 0:   criterion =  .01932096  
Iteration 1:   criterion =  .01934491  
Iteration 2:   criterion =  .02108116  
Iteration 3:   criterion =  .02172832  
Iteration 4:   criterion =   .0225972  
Iteration 5:   criterion =  .02284741  
Iteration 6:   criterion =  .02335482  
Iteration 7:   criterion =  .02350968  
Iteration 8:   criterion =  .02361427  
Iteration 9:   criterion =   .0239139  
Iteration 10:  criterion =   .0240551  
Iteration 11:  criterion =  .02422663  
Iteration 12:  criterion =  .02436758  
Iteration 13:  criterion =  .02443809  
Iteration 14:  criterion =  .02453312  
Iteration 15:  criterion =  .02459986  
Iteration 16:  criterion =  .02473523  
Iteration 17:  criterion =  .02475939  
Iteration 18:  criterion =  .02480242  
Iteration 19:  criterion =  .02482697  
Iteration 20:  criterion =  .02483662  
Iteration 21:  criterion =  .02485402  
Iteration 22:  criterion =  .02486003  
Iteration 23:  criterion =  .02487458  
Iteration 24:  criterion =  .02487746  
Iteration 25:  criterion =  .02488622  
Iteration 26:  criterion =  .02489147  
Iteration 27:  criterion =  .02489307  
Iteration 28:  criterion =   .0248968  
Iteration 29:  criterion =  .02489905  
Iteration 30:  criterion =  .02490173  
Iteration 31:  criterion =  .02490249  
Iteration 32:  criterion =  .02490417  
Iteration 33:  criterion =  .02490609  
Iteration 34:  criterion =  .02490663  
Iteration 35:  criterion =  .02490817  
Iteration 36:  criterion =  .02490871  
Iteration 37:  criterion =  .02490944  
Iteration 38:  criterion =     .02491  
Iteration 39:  criterion =  .02491018  
Iteration 40:  criterion =  .02491067  
Iteration 41:  criterion =  .02491085  
Iteration 42:  criterion =  .02491095  
Iteration 43:  criterion =   .0249114  
Iteration 44:  criterion =  .02491156  
Iteration 45:  criterion =  .02491176  
Iteration 46:  criterion =  .02491233  
Iteration 47:  criterion =  .02491242  
Iteration 48:  criterion =  .02491278  
Iteration 49:  criterion =  .02491347  
Iteration 50:  criterion =  .02491363  
Iteration 51:  criterion =  .02491393  
Iteration 52:  criterion =  .02491482  
Iteration 53:  criterion =  .02491499  
Iteration 54:  criterion =  .02491615  
Iteration 55:  criterion =  .02491792  
Iteration 56:  criterion =  .02491805  
Iteration 57:  criterion =  .02491918  
Iteration 58:  criterion =  .02491938  
Iteration 59:  criterion =  .02491964  
Iteration 60:  criterion =  .02491999  
Iteration 61:  criterion =  .02492004  

Overidentification test for covariate balance
         H0: Covariates are balanced:

         chi2(56)     =  39.1283
         Prob > chi2  =   0.9578

. 
. *IPTW 2.
. teffects ipw (bgrowth) (conflict academic political private public creator board council llni_budget lbgrowth 
> i.year i.ministry_code) if year>1976 & odd==0 & l.odd==0 & xmin==0 & xmax==1, vce(robust)

Iteration 0:   EE criterion =  6.493e-22  
Iteration 1:   EE criterion =  1.678e-31  

Treatment-effects estimation                    Number of obs     =      4,270
Estimator      : inverse-probability weights
Outcome model  : weighted mean
Treatment model: logit
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
              |               Robust
      bgrowth |      Coef.   Std. Err.      z    P>|z|     [95% Conf. Interval]
--------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
ATE           |
     conflict |
    (1 vs 0)  |  -1.664632   .4774722    -3.49   0.000     -2.60046   -.7288034
--------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
POmean        |
     conflict |
           0  |   3.380711   .3143358    10.76   0.000     2.764624    3.996798
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

. 
. *Imai-Ratkovic test, somewhat slow.
. tebalance overid

Iteration 0:   criterion =  .01781065  
Iteration 1:   criterion =  .01783121  (backed up)
Iteration 2:   criterion =  .01785473  
Iteration 3:   criterion =  .02038368  
Iteration 4:   criterion =  .02078104  
Iteration 5:   criterion =  .02155331  
Iteration 6:   criterion =   .0217561  
Iteration 7:   criterion =   .0220194  
Iteration 8:   criterion =  .02246627  
Iteration 9:   criterion =  .02258235  
Iteration 10:  criterion =  .02284169  
Iteration 11:  criterion =  .02291255  
Iteration 12:  criterion =  .02301747  
Iteration 13:  criterion =  .02329821  
Iteration 14:  criterion =  .02337343  
Iteration 15:  criterion =  .02352541  
Iteration 16:  criterion =  .02356526  
Iteration 17:  criterion =  .02366322  
Iteration 18:  criterion =  .02372843  
Iteration 19:  criterion =  .02374913  
Iteration 20:  criterion =  .02377536  
Iteration 21:  criterion =  .02378451  
Iteration 22:  criterion =  .02380645  
Iteration 23:  criterion =  .02381908  
Iteration 24:  criterion =  .02382362  
Iteration 25:  criterion =  .02383942  
Iteration 26:  criterion =  .02384239  
Iteration 27:  criterion =   .0238461  
Iteration 28:  criterion =   .0238476  
Iteration 29:  criterion =  .02385051  
Iteration 30:  criterion =  .02385307  
Iteration 31:  criterion =  .02385503  
Iteration 32:  criterion =   .0238601  
Iteration 33:  criterion =  .02386065  
Iteration 34:  criterion =  .02386304  
Iteration 35:  criterion =   .0238634  
Iteration 36:  criterion =  .02386516  
Iteration 37:  criterion =  .02386551  
Iteration 38:  criterion =  .02386575  
Iteration 39:  criterion =   .0238661  
Iteration 40:  criterion =  .02386618  
Iteration 41:  criterion =  .02386642  
Iteration 42:  criterion =  .02386662  
Iteration 43:  criterion =  .02386666  
Iteration 44:  criterion =  .02386704  
Iteration 45:  criterion =   .0238671  
Iteration 46:  criterion =  .02386744  
Iteration 47:  criterion =  .02386776  
Iteration 48:  criterion =  .02386796  
Iteration 49:  criterion =  .02386878  
Iteration 50:  criterion =  .02386892  
Iteration 51:  criterion =  .02386936  
Iteration 52:  criterion =  .02387036  
Iteration 53:  criterion =  .02387047  
Iteration 54:  criterion =  .02387105  
Iteration 55:  criterion =  .02387214  
Iteration 56:  criterion =  .02387231  
Iteration 57:  criterion =  .02387294  
Iteration 58:  criterion =  .02387331  
Iteration 59:  criterion =  .02387334  

Overidentification test for covariate balance
         H0: Covariates are balanced:

         chi2(57)     =  40.8877
         Prob > chi2  =   0.9470

. 
. *FE 1.
. xtreg bgrowth conflict academic political private public council board creator llni_budget i.year if year>1976
>  & odd==0 & xmin==0 & xmax==1, fe r

Fixed-effects (within) regression               Number of obs     =      4,608
Group variable: agency_id                       Number of groups  =        299

R-sq:                                           Obs per group:
     within  = 0.2827                                         min =          1
     between = 0.0014                                         avg =       15.4
     overall = 0.2155                                         max =         38

                                                F(46,298)         =      37.28
corr(u_i, Xb)  = -0.1916                        Prob > F          =     0.0000

                            (Std. Err. adjusted for 299 clusters in agency_id)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
             |               Robust
     bgrowth |      Coef.   Std. Err.      t    P>|t|     [95% Conf. Interval]
-------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
    conflict |  -1.867817   .5778219    -3.23   0.001    -3.004945   -.7306886
    academic |  -1.336917    .899394    -1.49   0.138    -3.106885    .4330514
   political |  -.9292993   .7201742    -1.29   0.198    -2.346571    .4879722
     private |   1.077007   .9415909     1.14   0.254    -.7760025    2.930017
      public |   .9893117   .6523904     1.52   0.130    -.2945642    2.273188
     council |  -.5778569   .8584642    -0.67   0.501    -2.267277    1.111563
       board |  -2.182058   .9247722    -2.36   0.019    -4.001969   -.3621463
     creator |   .0697338   .5038273     0.14   0.890    -.9217763    1.061244
 llni_budget |  -.6841864   .5240174    -1.31   0.193     -1.71543     .347057
             |
        year |
       1978  |  -6.303645   1.772582    -3.56   0.000    -9.792008   -2.815281
       1979  |  -2.890256   2.385441    -1.21   0.227    -7.584701    1.804189
       1980  |  -13.17285   1.977528    -6.66   0.000    -17.06454   -9.281157
       1981  |  -7.074206   1.996201    -3.54   0.000    -11.00264   -3.145769
       1982  |  -12.87911   1.892746    -6.80   0.000    -16.60395   -9.154267
       1983  |  -12.88105   2.181949    -5.90   0.000    -17.17503   -8.587068
       1984  |  -12.61504   2.063898    -6.11   0.000     -16.6767   -8.553376
       1985  |  -13.96429   1.980208    -7.05   0.000    -17.86126   -10.06733
       1986  |  -9.485207   1.935133    -4.90   0.000    -13.29346    -5.67695
       1987  |  -9.011176   2.110618    -4.27   0.000    -13.16478   -4.857571
       1988  |  -12.56187   2.159681    -5.82   0.000    -16.81203   -8.311715
       1989  |  -9.842985   2.442842    -4.03   0.000    -14.65039   -5.035578
       1990  |  -9.677258   2.285273    -4.23   0.000    -14.17458   -5.179939
       1991  |   -14.6127   2.117802    -6.90   0.000    -18.78044   -10.44496
       1992  |  -2.734203   2.190029    -1.25   0.213    -7.044086    1.575679
       1993  |  -13.88359   2.292014    -6.06   0.000    -18.39418   -9.373008
       1994  |  -8.461439   2.423527    -3.49   0.001    -13.23084   -3.692043
       1995  |   1.288599   2.294667     0.56   0.575    -3.227206    5.804405
       1996  |   30.62909   2.453778    12.48   0.000     25.80016    35.45801
       1997  |  -38.37673   2.268724   -16.92   0.000    -42.84148   -33.91198
       1998  |  -12.69432   2.326709    -5.46   0.000    -17.27319   -8.115462
       1999  |  -8.998223   2.158713    -4.17   0.000    -13.24648    -4.74997
       2000  |  -13.94099   2.193395    -6.36   0.000    -18.25749   -9.624481
       2001  |  -10.06697   2.193027    -4.59   0.000    -14.38275    -5.75119
       2002  |  -10.65565   1.996078    -5.34   0.000    -14.58384   -6.727455
       2003  |  -12.02665   2.035544    -5.91   0.000    -16.03251   -8.020789
       2004  |  -12.07426   1.965432    -6.14   0.000    -15.94215   -8.206377
       2005  |   -12.0993   2.029631    -5.96   0.000    -16.09353   -8.105079
       2006  |  -11.41592   1.986167    -5.75   0.000    -15.32461   -7.507228
       2007  |  -10.80573   2.067763    -5.23   0.000      -14.875   -6.736464
       2008  |  -17.62557   2.133888    -8.26   0.000    -21.82497   -13.42617
       2009  |  -12.90491   2.215332    -5.83   0.000    -17.26459   -8.545235
       2010  |  -11.02351   2.088924    -5.28   0.000    -15.13442   -6.912594
       2011  |  -16.34943   2.214344    -7.38   0.000    -20.70716    -11.9917
       2012  |  -12.49728   2.210709    -5.65   0.000    -16.84786   -8.146698
       2013  |  -13.55773    2.03787    -6.65   0.000    -17.56817   -9.547287
       2014  |  -12.79358   2.060586    -6.21   0.000    -16.84872   -8.738433
             |
       _cons |   27.95241   9.258817     3.02   0.003     9.731456    46.17335
-------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
     sigma_u |  8.4088917
     sigma_e |  14.689346
         rho |  .24681617   (fraction of variance due to u_i)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

. 
. *FE 2.
. xtreg bgrowth conflict academic political private public council board creator llni_budget lbgrowth i.year if 
> year>1976 & odd==0 & l.odd==0 & xmin==0 & xmax==1, fe r

Fixed-effects (within) regression               Number of obs     =      4,270
Group variable: agency_id                       Number of groups  =        294

R-sq:                                           Obs per group:
     within  = 0.2998                                         min =          1
     between = 0.0248                                         avg =       14.5
     overall = 0.2397                                         max =         38

                                                F(47,293)         =      37.78
corr(u_i, Xb)  = -0.1559                        Prob > F          =     0.0000

                            (Std. Err. adjusted for 294 clusters in agency_id)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
             |               Robust
     bgrowth |      Coef.   Std. Err.      t    P>|t|     [95% Conf. Interval]
-------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
    conflict |  -1.710439   .5758194    -2.97   0.003    -2.843706   -.5771731
    academic |  -1.068408   .8311362    -1.29   0.200    -2.704162     .567346
   political |  -.6670935   .6577929    -1.01   0.311    -1.961691    .6275044
     private |   1.261163   .9544034     1.32   0.187    -.6171925    3.139518
      public |   1.222129   .6308043     1.94   0.054    -.0193525    2.463611
     council |   -.005183   .7911272    -0.01   0.995    -1.562195    1.551829
       board |  -1.858962   .9770024    -1.90   0.058    -3.781794      .06387
     creator |    .226098   .5381311     0.42   0.675    -.8329943     1.28519
 llni_budget |  -.3805393   .5399035    -0.70   0.481     -1.44312    .6820414
    lbgrowth |  -.0643457   .0219755    -2.93   0.004    -.1075956   -.0210957
             |
        year |
       1978  |  -5.943902   1.742167    -3.41   0.001     -9.37265   -2.515154
       1979  |  -2.999156   2.444874    -1.23   0.221    -7.810896    1.812583
       1980  |  -12.22525    2.04014    -5.99   0.000    -16.24044   -8.210066
       1981  |  -7.930135   1.982228    -4.00   0.000    -11.83134   -4.028926
       1982  |  -13.16536   1.960326    -6.72   0.000    -17.02346   -9.307255
       1983  |  -11.46086   2.228464    -5.14   0.000    -15.84669   -7.075038
       1984  |  -12.34677   2.190197    -5.64   0.000    -16.65728   -8.036259
       1985  |  -13.91466   2.126944    -6.54   0.000    -18.10069   -9.728637
       1986  |  -9.443538   1.961154    -4.82   0.000    -13.30327   -5.583804
       1987  |  -8.509459   2.096495    -4.06   0.000    -12.63556    -4.38336
       1988  |  -12.24689   2.243503    -5.46   0.000    -16.66231   -7.831463
       1989  |  -10.33169   2.415238    -4.28   0.000    -15.08511    -5.57828
       1990  |  -9.150914   2.393978    -3.82   0.000    -13.86249   -4.439342
       1991  |   -13.4357   2.148476    -6.25   0.000     -17.6641   -9.207298
       1992  |  -7.724058    2.17573    -3.55   0.000     -12.0061   -3.442018
       1993  |  -12.86042   2.411605    -5.33   0.000    -17.60668   -8.114158
       1994  |  -8.973647   2.565568    -3.50   0.001    -14.02292    -3.92437
       1995  |  -3.086744   2.476697    -1.25   0.214    -7.961115    1.787628
       1996  |   32.80203   2.522974    13.00   0.000     27.83658    37.76748
       1997  |  -35.10568   2.570107   -13.66   0.000    -40.16389   -30.04747
       1998  |  -13.26009   2.436338    -5.44   0.000    -18.05503   -8.465149
       1999  |   -8.27166   2.186424    -3.78   0.000    -12.57475   -3.968573
       2000  |  -12.78722   2.243767    -5.70   0.000    -17.20317    -8.37128
       2001  |  -7.728819   2.108794    -3.67   0.000    -11.87912   -3.578516
       2002  |  -9.047355   2.051493    -4.41   0.000    -13.08488   -5.009826
       2003  |  -10.43903   2.077311    -5.03   0.000    -14.52737   -6.350683
       2004  |  -10.94521   1.900252    -5.76   0.000    -14.68508   -7.205333
       2005  |  -11.24183   2.007059    -5.60   0.000    -15.19191   -7.291747
       2006  |  -9.242092   1.980369    -4.67   0.000    -13.13964   -5.344542
       2007  |  -9.291441    2.08369    -4.46   0.000    -13.39234   -5.190543
       2008  |  -16.13158   2.186714    -7.38   0.000    -20.43524   -11.82793
       2009  |   -11.6952   2.197266    -5.32   0.000    -16.01963   -7.370774
       2010  |  -9.441478   2.105703    -4.48   0.000     -13.5857   -5.297257
       2011  |  -15.33667   2.174318    -7.05   0.000    -19.61593   -11.05741
       2012  |  -11.71842   2.217002    -5.29   0.000    -16.08168    -7.35515
       2013  |  -12.19814   2.058259    -5.93   0.000    -16.24898    -8.14729
       2014  |  -11.57491    2.05905    -5.62   0.000    -15.62731   -7.522506
             |
       _cons |   21.06366   9.576598     2.20   0.029     2.216024     39.9113
-------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
     sigma_u |  8.6376106
     sigma_e |  13.794938
         rho |  .28163791   (fraction of variance due to u_i)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

. 
. 
. //Table A3. Article Regression Results.
. 
. *Note that we recode the outliers as missing values instead of restricting the estimation sample in the models
> . This is mainly to avoid some annoyances with the GMM functions in Model 3, which will otherwise incorporate 
> information from the outlying values.
. replace bgrowth=. if odd==1
(261 real changes made, 261 to missing)

. 
. *Model 1 (same as article).
. bootstrap, cluster(agency_id) idcluster(bs_agency_id) group(agency_id) seed(999) reps(1000): xtreg bgrowth i.c
> onflict i.academic i.political i.private i.public i.council i.board i.creator cl.lni_budget i.year, fe
(running xtreg on estimation sample)

Bootstrap replications (1000)
----+--- 1 ---+--- 2 ---+--- 3 ---+--- 4 ---+--- 5 
..................................................    50
..................................................   100
..................................................   150
..................................................   200
..................................................   250
..................................................   300
..................................................   350
..................................................   400
..................................................   450
..................................................   500
..................................................   550
..................................................   600
..................................................   650
..................................................   700
..................................................   750
..................................................   800
..................................................   850
..................................................   900
..................................................   950
..................................................  1000

Fixed-effects (within) regression               Number of obs     =      5,316
Group variable: agency_id                       Number of groups  =        371

R-sq:                                           Obs per group:
     within  = 0.2635                                         min =          1
     between = 0.0093                                         avg =       14.3
     overall = 0.1921                                         max =         43

                                                Wald chi2(51)     =    1901.07
corr(u_i, Xb)  = -0.2265                        Prob > chi2       =     0.0000

                             (Replications based on 371 clusters in agency_id)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
             |   Observed   Bootstrap                         Normal-based
     bgrowth |      Coef.   Std. Err.      z    P>|z|     [95% Conf. Interval]
-------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
  1.conflict |  -1.787876   .5835937    -3.06   0.002    -2.931699   -.6440533
  1.academic |  -1.222382   .9366618    -1.31   0.192    -3.058206    .6134411
 1.political |  -.7060208   .6948147    -1.02   0.310    -2.067833    .6557909
   1.private |   .6596864   .9399206     0.70   0.483    -1.182524    2.501897
    1.public |   .8327221   .6520155     1.28   0.202    -.4452047    2.110649
   1.council |   .3819132   .9015983     0.42   0.672    -1.385187    2.149013
     1.board |  -2.052907   .9215942    -2.23   0.026    -3.859198   -.2466152
   1.creator |  -.1205294   .5013122    -0.24   0.810    -1.103083    .8620245
             |
  lni_budget |
         L1. |  -.7911533   .6119745    -1.29   0.196    -1.990601    .4082946
             |
        year |
       1973  |   12.15075   2.256881     5.38   0.000     7.727343    16.57415
       1974  |  -1.621285    1.97061    -0.82   0.411     -5.48361     2.24104
       1975  |  -2.059321   1.827453    -1.13   0.260    -5.641063     1.52242
       1976  |   .2619686   2.606999     0.10   0.920    -4.847656    5.371593
       1977  |   8.704943   2.422061     3.59   0.000      3.95779     13.4521
       1978  |   2.373246   2.322386     1.02   0.307    -2.178548     6.92504
       1979  |   5.414399   2.117193     2.56   0.011     1.264776    9.564021
       1980  |  -4.313001   2.105021    -2.05   0.040    -8.438767   -.1872345
       1981  |   1.764188   2.476819     0.71   0.476    -3.090288    6.618665
       1982  |  -4.031688   1.905563    -2.12   0.034    -7.766523   -.2968529
       1983  |  -4.159923   2.130787    -1.95   0.051    -8.336189    .0163421
       1984  |  -3.650774   1.909098    -1.91   0.056    -7.392538    .0909893
       1985  |   -5.18661   1.879847    -2.76   0.006    -8.871043   -1.502178
       1986  |  -.7882666   2.034465    -0.39   0.698    -4.775744    3.199211
       1987  |  -.1666626   2.188749    -0.08   0.939    -4.456531    4.123206
       1988  |  -4.225891   2.327581    -1.82   0.069    -8.787867    .3360846
       1989  |  -1.091887   2.346216    -0.47   0.642    -5.690386    3.506612
       1990  |  -1.194253   2.256867    -0.53   0.597    -5.617631    3.229125
       1991  |  -6.091112   2.215635    -2.75   0.006    -10.43368   -1.748548
       1992  |   5.897606   2.333203     2.53   0.011     1.324613     10.4706
       1993  |  -5.235384   2.447503    -2.14   0.032     -10.0324   -.4383664
       1994  |   .3730503   2.448588     0.15   0.879    -4.426094    5.172194
       1995  |   9.875963   2.364089     4.18   0.000     5.242433    14.50949
       1996  |   39.40805   2.703305    14.58   0.000     34.10967    44.70643
       1997  |  -29.00515   2.495063   -11.63   0.000    -33.89538   -24.11491
       1998  |  -4.017904   2.331202    -1.72   0.085    -8.586976    .5511686
       1999  |  -.2724863   2.248121    -0.12   0.904    -4.678722    4.133749
       2000  |  -5.309822    2.22501    -2.39   0.017    -9.670761   -.9488837
       2001  |  -1.508253   2.335037    -0.65   0.518    -6.084842    3.068336
       2002  |  -1.900116   2.115185    -0.90   0.369    -6.045802    2.245571
       2003  |    -3.2902   2.168202    -1.52   0.129    -7.539798    .9593983
       2004  |  -3.151154   2.055018    -1.53   0.125    -7.178915    .8766075
       2005  |  -3.059522   2.108519    -1.45   0.147    -7.192142    1.073099
       2006  |  -2.629771   2.121155    -1.24   0.215    -6.787159    1.527616
       2007  |  -2.197596    2.17941    -1.01   0.313    -6.469161    2.073968
       2008  |   -8.66402   2.262513    -3.83   0.000    -13.09846   -4.229576
       2009  |  -4.320607   2.465023    -1.75   0.080    -9.151963    .5107499
       2010  |  -2.325347   2.286083    -1.02   0.309    -6.805988    2.155293
       2011  |  -7.031663   2.330829    -3.02   0.003        -11.6   -2.463322
       2012  |  -3.964744   2.244231    -1.77   0.077    -8.363355    .4338668
       2013  |   -5.16142   2.124064    -2.43   0.015     -9.32451   -.9983302
       2014  |  -4.412516   2.128386    -2.07   0.038    -8.584077   -.2409558
             |
       _cons |   20.54726    10.7396     1.91   0.056    -.5019622    41.59648
-------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
     sigma_u |  8.5941833
     sigma_e |  14.778085
         rho |  .25272724   (fraction of variance due to u_i)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

. 
. *Model 2 (same as article).
. bootstrap, cluster(agency_id) idcluster(bs_agency_id) group(agency_id) seed(999) reps(1000): mixed bgrowth i.c
> onflict i.academic i.political i.private i.public i.council i.board i.creator cl.lni_budget i.year || agency_i
> d: conflict, reml cov(un) iterate(100)
(running mixed on estimation sample)

Bootstrap replications (1000)
----+--- 1 ---+--- 2 ---+--- 3 ---+--- 4 ---+--- 5 
..................................................    50
..................................................   100
..................................................   150
..................................................   200
..................................................   250
......x...........................................   300
..................................................   350
..................................................   400
..................................................   450
..................................................   500
..................................................   550
..................................................   600
.............................x....................   650
..................................................   700
..................................................   750
..................................................   800
..................................................   850
..................................................   900
...........................x....................x.   950
..................................................  1000

Mixed-effects REML regression                   Number of obs     =      5,316
Group variable: agency_id                       Number of groups  =        371

                                                Obs per group:
                                                              min =          1
                                                              avg =       14.3
                                                              max =         43

                                                Wald chi2(51)     =    1714.67
Log restricted-likelihood = -21908.385          Prob > chi2       =     0.0000

                             (Replications based on 371 clusters in agency_id)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
             |   Observed   Bootstrap                         Normal-based
     bgrowth |      Coef.   Std. Err.      z    P>|z|     [95% Conf. Interval]
-------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
  1.conflict |  -1.962896   .5347819    -3.67   0.000    -3.011049   -.9147428
  1.academic |   1.384792   .6042142     2.29   0.022     .2005536     2.56903
 1.political |  -.2009923   .5291106    -0.38   0.704     -1.23803    .8360454
   1.private |   .3837194   .8639463     0.44   0.657    -1.309584    2.077023
    1.public |  -.3401479   .5319581    -0.64   0.523    -1.382767    .7024709
   1.council |  -.6360295   .5008771    -1.27   0.204    -1.617731    .3456715
     1.board |  -1.008447   .5693038    -1.77   0.076    -2.124261    .1073683
   1.creator |   .3054757   .5076665     0.60   0.547    -.6895325    1.300484
             |
  lni_budget |
         L1. |   .2152712   .1829213     1.18   0.239     -.143248    .5737905
             |
        year |
       1973  |   12.36873   2.260421     5.47   0.000     7.938386    16.79907
       1974  |  -.8551341    1.97999    -0.43   0.666    -4.735844    3.025575
       1975  |  -.8816995   1.780825    -0.50   0.621    -4.372053    2.608654
       1976  |   1.421398   2.596866     0.55   0.584    -3.668366    6.511162
       1977  |   9.372331   2.350894     3.99   0.000     4.764663       13.98
       1978  |   3.083151    2.27817     1.35   0.176     -1.38198    7.548282
       1979  |    5.87296   2.086208     2.82   0.005     1.784067    9.961853
       1980  |  -3.908235   2.045049    -1.91   0.056    -7.916458    .0999884
       1981  |   2.534139   2.430615     1.04   0.297    -2.229778    7.298056
       1982  |  -2.995123   1.870886    -1.60   0.109    -6.661993    .6717465
       1983  |  -3.281399   2.113766    -1.55   0.121    -7.424304    .8615068
       1984  |  -2.340067   1.852258    -1.26   0.206    -5.970427    1.290292
       1985  |  -3.675228   1.816224    -2.02   0.043    -7.234961    -.115495
       1986  |   .4697616   1.918551     0.24   0.807     -3.29053    4.230053
       1987  |   1.100773   2.105411     0.52   0.601    -3.025756    5.227303
       1988  |  -2.537741   2.195254    -1.16   0.248     -6.84036    1.764877
       1989  |   1.178408   2.245639     0.52   0.600    -3.222965     5.57978
       1990  |   .9593899   2.116671     0.45   0.650    -3.189208    5.107988
       1991  |  -4.212064   2.200885    -1.91   0.056     -8.52572    .1015913
       1992  |   9.387689   2.408021     3.90   0.000     4.668054    14.10732
       1993  |  -2.177151   2.330658    -0.93   0.350    -6.745156    2.390854
       1994  |   3.223495   2.368433     1.36   0.174    -1.418548    7.865538
       1995  |   12.43278     2.3732     5.24   0.000      7.78139    17.08416
       1996  |   42.30373   2.492001    16.98   0.000     37.41949    47.18796
       1997  |  -26.19372   2.256136   -11.61   0.000    -30.61567   -21.77178
       1998  |  -.8599518   2.161825    -0.40   0.691    -5.097052    3.377148
       1999  |    2.85842    2.05587     1.39   0.164    -1.171011     6.88785
       2000  |  -2.206226   2.036862    -1.08   0.279    -6.198402    1.785949
       2001  |   1.563912    2.12826     0.73   0.462    -2.607401    5.735225
       2002  |   1.301995   1.891089     0.69   0.491    -2.404472    5.008461
       2003  |  -.1901605   1.954712    -0.10   0.923    -4.021326    3.641005
       2004  |   .0171816   1.753397     0.01   0.992    -3.419414    3.453777
       2005  |   .3700364   1.798236     0.21   0.837    -3.154441    3.894514
       2006  |   1.071691   1.773989     0.60   0.546    -2.405263    4.548645
       2007  |   1.507565   1.849508     0.82   0.415    -2.117405    5.132535
       2008  |  -4.088784   2.027684    -2.02   0.044    -8.062971   -.1145973
       2009  |   .4261291   2.202713     0.19   0.847    -3.891109    4.743367
       2010  |   2.436428   2.053878     1.19   0.236      -1.5891    6.461955
       2011  |  -2.374677   2.036006    -1.17   0.243    -6.365175    1.615821
       2012  |   .5584634   1.898707     0.29   0.769    -3.162933     4.27986
       2013  |  -.6628654   1.790694    -0.37   0.711    -4.172561     2.84683
       2014  |    .146087   1.721743     0.08   0.932    -3.228467    3.520641
             |
       _cons |  -.9390239   3.445755    -0.27   0.785    -7.692579    5.814532
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                             |   Observed   Bootstrap         Normal-based
  Random-effects Parameters  |   Estimate   Std. Err.     [95% Conf. Interval]
-----------------------------+------------------------------------------------
agency_id: Unstructured      |
               var(conflict) |   .2558733   .5833075      .0029347    22.30933
                  var(_cons) |   7.624804   4.086318       2.66716    21.79758
         cov(conflict,_cons) |   1.396735   1.570294     -1.680984    4.474454
-----------------------------+------------------------------------------------
               var(Residual) |   222.8042   12.08313      200.3369    247.7912
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
LR test vs. linear model: chi2(3) = 28.18                 Prob > chi2 = 0.0000

Note: LR test is conservative and provided only for reference.

. 
. *Model 3 (same as article).
. xtabond2 bgrowth l.bgrowth i.conflict academic political private public council board creator l.lni_budget y19
> 74-y2014, gmmstyle(l.bgrowth conflict academic political private public council board l.lni_budget, collapse l
> (1 4)) ivstyle(creator y1974-y2014, eq(level)) robust twostep orthogonal
Favoring space over speed. To switch, type or click on mata: mata set matafavor speed, perm.
0b.conflict dropped due to collinearity

Dynamic panel-data estimation, two-step system GMM
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Group variable: agency_id                       Number of obs      =      4806
Time variable : year                            Number of groups   =       353
Number of instruments = 88                      Obs per group: min =         1
Wald chi2(51) =   1646.96                                      avg =     13.61
Prob > chi2   =     0.000                                      max =        42
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
             |              Corrected
     bgrowth |      Coef.   Std. Err.      z    P>|z|     [95% Conf. Interval]
-------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
     bgrowth |
         L1. |  -.0065777   .0230807    -0.28   0.776    -.0518151    .0386597
             |
  1.conflict |  -1.685692   .7897089    -2.13   0.033    -3.233493   -.1378908
    academic |   3.930544   1.466748     2.68   0.007     1.055771    6.805316
   political |  -.7734874   1.126769    -0.69   0.492    -2.981913    1.434939
     private |   2.161334    1.48027     1.46   0.144     -.739942     5.06261
      public |   1.975998    1.19462     1.65   0.098    -.3654139     4.31741
     council |  -.0001609   1.724553    -0.00   1.000    -3.380222      3.3799
       board |   1.301421   2.221849     0.59   0.558    -3.053323    5.656165
     creator |   1.392751     .76161     1.83   0.067    -.0999777    2.885479
             |
  lni_budget |
         L1. |   1.721906   .6020846     2.86   0.004     .5418415     2.90197
             |
       y1974 |  -11.61322   2.845764    -4.08   0.000    -17.19082   -6.035628
       y1975 |  -12.62716   2.199923    -5.74   0.000    -16.93893   -8.315385
       y1976 |  -11.93215   2.720801    -4.39   0.000    -17.26482   -6.599476
       y1977 |   -2.92681   2.746565    -1.07   0.287    -8.309978    2.456358
       y1978 |  -9.495668   2.894088    -3.28   0.001    -15.16798   -3.823358
       y1979 |  -5.983438    2.78042    -2.15   0.031    -11.43296   -.5339151
       y1980 |  -15.12246   2.447027    -6.18   0.000    -19.91855   -10.32638
       y1981 |  -9.394789   2.826807    -3.32   0.001    -14.93523   -3.854349
       y1982 |  -16.06351   2.493524    -6.44   0.000    -20.95073   -11.17629
       y1983 |  -13.23683   2.570081    -5.15   0.000    -18.27409    -8.19956
       y1984 |   -13.9191   2.492763    -5.58   0.000    -18.80482   -9.033372
       y1985 |  -14.88352   2.428395    -6.13   0.000    -19.64308   -10.12395
       y1986 |  -10.28473   2.615544    -3.93   0.000     -15.4111    -5.15836
       y1987 |  -10.48534   2.613672    -4.01   0.000    -15.60805   -5.362639
       y1988 |  -14.86983   2.886471    -5.15   0.000    -20.52721   -9.212447
       y1989 |  -9.542842   2.604845    -3.66   0.000    -14.64824    -4.43744
       y1990 |   -9.15692   2.795397    -3.28   0.001     -14.6358   -3.678042
       y1991 |  -13.76802    2.58779    -5.32   0.000       -18.84   -8.696047
       y1992 |  -7.667176   2.976237    -2.58   0.010    -13.50049   -1.833858
       y1993 |  -13.78634    3.07704    -4.48   0.000    -19.81722   -7.755447
       y1994 |  -9.315092   2.871748    -3.24   0.001    -14.94361   -3.686568
       y1995 |  -4.207239    2.76382    -1.52   0.128    -9.624226    1.209747
       y1996 |   29.65831   2.974274     9.97   0.000     23.82884    35.48778
       y1997 |  -40.92197   2.973683   -13.76   0.000    -46.75028   -35.09366
       y1998 |  -13.14365   3.060139    -4.30   0.000    -19.14141   -7.145888
       y1999 |  -10.29267   2.715899    -3.79   0.000    -15.61573   -4.969607
       y2000 |  -16.35462   2.808086    -5.82   0.000    -21.85836   -10.85087
       y2001 |  -9.560819   2.782419    -3.44   0.001    -15.01426   -4.107378
       y2002 |  -11.22454   2.694029    -4.17   0.000    -16.50474   -5.944336
       y2003 |  -13.17267   2.573915    -5.12   0.000    -18.21745   -8.127891
       y2004 |  -14.25056   2.491883    -5.72   0.000    -19.13456   -9.366562
       y2005 |  -13.47565    2.50011    -5.39   0.000    -18.37578   -8.575529
       y2006 |  -11.94417   2.539672    -4.70   0.000    -16.92184   -6.966508
       y2007 |   -13.0376   2.750145    -4.74   0.000    -18.42778   -7.647413
       y2008 |  -17.58906   2.884758    -6.10   0.000    -23.24308   -11.93504
       y2009 |  -12.96453   3.002772    -4.32   0.000    -18.84985   -7.079203
       y2010 |  -11.38917   2.781051    -4.10   0.000    -16.83993   -5.938411
       y2011 |  -17.73557   2.917597    -6.08   0.000    -23.45396   -12.01719
       y2012 |  -13.40912    2.85791    -4.69   0.000    -19.01052   -7.807721
       y2013 |  -15.19121   2.704276    -5.62   0.000    -20.49149   -9.890928
       y2014 |   -14.4087   2.709915    -5.32   0.000    -19.72003   -9.097363
       _cons |    -19.762   10.72875    -1.84   0.065    -40.78995    1.265958
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Instruments for orthogonal deviations equation
  GMM-type (missing=0, separate instruments for each period unless collapsed)
    L(1/4).(L.bgrowth conflict academic political private public council board
    L.lni_budget) collapsed
Instruments for levels equation
  Standard
    creator y1974 y1975 y1976 y1977 y1978 y1979 y1980 y1981 y1982 y1983 y1984
    y1985 y1986 y1987 y1988 y1989 y1990 y1991 y1992 y1993 y1994 y1995 y1996
    y1997 y1998 y1999 y2000 y2001 y2002 y2003 y2004 y2005 y2006 y2007 y2008
    y2009 y2010 y2011 y2012 y2013 y2014
    _cons
  GMM-type (missing=0, separate instruments for each period unless collapsed)
    D.(L.bgrowth conflict academic political private public council board
    L.lni_budget) collapsed
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Arellano-Bond test for AR(1) in first differences: z =  -9.40  Pr > z =  0.000
Arellano-Bond test for AR(2) in first differences: z =   0.39  Pr > z =  0.694
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sargan test of overid. restrictions: chi2(36)   =  72.31  Prob > chi2 =  0.000
  (Not robust, but not weakened by many instruments.)
Hansen test of overid. restrictions: chi2(36)   =  46.71  Prob > chi2 =  0.109
  (Robust, but weakened by many instruments.)

Difference-in-Hansen tests of exogeneity of instrument subsets:
  GMM instruments for levels
    Hansen test excluding group:     chi2(27)   =  35.77  Prob > chi2 =  0.120
    Difference (null H = exogenous): chi2(9)    =  10.93  Prob > chi2 =  0.280


. 
. *Model 4
. bootstrap, cluster(agency_id) idcluster(bs_agency_id) group(agency_id) seed(999) reps(1000): xtreg bgrowth i.c
> onflict i.year, fe
(running xtreg on estimation sample)

Bootstrap replications (1000)
----+--- 1 ---+--- 2 ---+--- 3 ---+--- 4 ---+--- 5 
..................................................    50
..................................................   100
..................................................   150
..................................................   200
..................................................   250
..................................................   300
..................................................   350
..................................................   400
..................................................   450
..................................................   500
..................................................   550
..................................................   600
..................................................   650
..................................................   700
..................................................   750
..................................................   800
..................................................   850
..................................................   900
..................................................   950
..................................................  1000

Fixed-effects (within) regression               Number of obs     =      6,294
Group variable: agency_id                       Number of groups  =        402

R-sq:                                           Obs per group:
     within  = 0.2387                                         min =          1
     between = 0.0190                                         avg =       15.7
     overall = 0.2069                                         max =         43

                                                Wald chi2(43)     =    1639.25
corr(u_i, Xb)  = -0.0746                        Prob > chi2       =     0.0000

                             (Replications based on 402 clusters in agency_id)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
             |   Observed   Bootstrap                         Normal-based
     bgrowth |      Coef.   Std. Err.      z    P>|z|     [95% Conf. Interval]
-------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
  1.conflict |  -1.897326   .5338117    -3.55   0.000    -2.943577    -.851074
             |
        year |
       1973  |   10.94701   2.248706     4.87   0.000     6.539624    15.35439
       1974  |  -2.467474   1.943516    -1.27   0.204    -6.276695    1.341746
       1975  |  -2.867688   1.878944    -1.53   0.127     -6.55035    .8149752
       1976  |  -.8382924   2.411824    -0.35   0.728    -5.565381    3.888796
       1977  |   7.987231   2.450914     3.26   0.001     3.183527    12.79093
       1978  |   1.117398   2.364783     0.47   0.637    -3.517491    5.752288
       1979  |   3.476871   2.105391     1.65   0.099    -.6496201    7.603361
       1980  |  -4.861419   2.154278    -2.26   0.024    -9.083727   -.6391124
       1981  |   1.233623   2.468769     0.50   0.617    -3.605074    6.072321
       1982  |  -4.633842   1.878878    -2.47   0.014    -8.316376   -.9513083
       1983  |   -5.22735   2.081802    -2.51   0.012    -9.307606   -1.147094
       1984  |  -4.260299   2.008311    -2.12   0.034    -8.196516   -.3240818
       1985  |  -5.986385   1.856479    -3.22   0.001    -9.625017   -2.347753
       1986  |  -1.549449   1.933207    -0.80   0.423    -5.338465    2.239568
       1987  |  -.8038769   2.113593    -0.38   0.704    -4.946443    3.338689
       1988  |   -4.62684   2.259401    -2.05   0.041    -9.055184   -.1984952
       1989  |   -1.77369   2.238867    -0.79   0.428    -6.161788    2.614409
       1990  |  -2.767238     2.2992    -1.20   0.229    -7.273586    1.739111
       1991  |  -6.609849   2.199812    -3.00   0.003     -10.9214   -2.298297
       1992  |   4.752362   2.163309     2.20   0.028     .5123535     8.99237
       1993  |  -5.658174   2.374782    -2.38   0.017    -10.31266   -1.003687
       1994  |  -.7491625    2.32938    -0.32   0.748    -5.314664    3.816339
       1995  |   8.617923   2.336748     3.69   0.000      4.03798    13.19787
       1996  |   37.95711   2.612553    14.53   0.000      32.8366    43.07761
       1997  |  -30.44801   2.293637   -13.27   0.000    -34.94346   -25.95256
       1998  |  -5.753288   2.285668    -2.52   0.012    -10.23312   -1.273461
       1999  |  -2.186478    2.17301    -1.01   0.314    -6.445499    2.072543
       2000  |  -6.321251   2.117355    -2.99   0.003    -10.47119   -2.171311
       2001  |  -4.032904   2.355708    -1.71   0.087    -8.650007    .5841994
       2002  |  -3.007418   2.006722    -1.50   0.134    -6.940521     .925684
       2003  |  -4.715018   2.113538    -2.23   0.026    -8.857475   -.5725598
       2004  |  -4.580243   1.915384    -2.39   0.017    -8.334327   -.8261586
       2005  |  -3.949866   1.878095    -2.10   0.035    -7.630865   -.2688679
       2006  |   -5.46236   2.002351    -2.73   0.006    -9.386896   -1.537824
       2007  |  -3.499747   2.021567    -1.73   0.083    -7.461945    .4624506
       2008  |  -8.166081   2.089833    -3.91   0.000    -12.26208   -4.070083
       2009  |  -3.299081   2.191892    -1.51   0.132    -7.595111    .9969486
       2010  |  -2.558745   2.090958    -1.22   0.221    -6.656948    1.539458
       2011  |  -6.933693   2.046222    -3.39   0.001    -10.94421   -2.923172
       2012  |  -4.340015   2.032458    -2.14   0.033     -8.32356     -.35647
       2013  |  -5.095475   1.873155    -2.72   0.007    -8.766791   -1.424159
       2014  |  -4.550104   1.949866    -2.33   0.020    -8.371772   -.7284363
             |
       _cons |   5.718275   1.685853     3.39   0.001     2.414063    9.022487
-------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
     sigma_u |     8.4759
     sigma_e |  15.234825
         rho |  .23636473   (fraction of variance due to u_i)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

. 
. *Model 5
. bootstrap, cluster(agency_id) idcluster(bs_agency_id) group(agency_id) seed(999) reps(1000): xtreg bgrowth i.c
> onflict i.creator i.year, fe
(running xtreg on estimation sample)

Bootstrap replications (1000)
----+--- 1 ---+--- 2 ---+--- 3 ---+--- 4 ---+--- 5 
..................................................    50
..................................................   100
..................................................   150
..................................................   200
..................................................   250
..................................................   300
..................................................   350
..................................................   400
..................................................   450
..................................................   500
..................................................   550
..................................................   600
..................................................   650
..................................................   700
..................................................   750
..................................................   800
..................................................   850
..................................................   900
..................................................   950
..................................................  1000

Fixed-effects (within) regression               Number of obs     =      6,294
Group variable: agency_id                       Number of groups  =        402

R-sq:                                           Obs per group:
     within  = 0.2387                                         min =          1
     between = 0.0189                                         avg =       15.7
     overall = 0.2069                                         max =         43

                                                Wald chi2(44)     =    1641.20
corr(u_i, Xb)  = -0.0744                        Prob > chi2       =     0.0000

                             (Replications based on 402 clusters in agency_id)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
             |   Observed   Bootstrap                         Normal-based
     bgrowth |      Coef.   Std. Err.      z    P>|z|     [95% Conf. Interval]
-------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
  1.conflict |  -1.903769   .5387161    -3.53   0.000    -2.959633   -.8479049
   1.creator |   .0468577   .5182735     0.09   0.928    -.9689396    1.062655
             |
        year |
       1973  |    10.9471   2.248684     4.87   0.000     6.539764    15.35444
       1974  |  -2.466722   1.944069    -1.27   0.204    -6.277027    1.343584
       1975  |  -2.867116   1.879379    -1.53   0.127    -6.550631    .8163981
       1976  |  -.8372855   2.412372    -0.35   0.729    -5.565448    3.890877
       1977  |    7.95741   2.463675     3.23   0.001     3.128695    12.78612
       1978  |     1.0871   2.366473     0.46   0.646    -3.551102    5.725302
       1979  |   3.447492   2.119604     1.63   0.104    -.7068558     7.60184
       1980  |  -4.888673   2.168118    -2.25   0.024    -9.138106   -.6392404
       1981  |   1.206936    2.47767     0.49   0.626    -3.649208    6.063081
       1982  |  -4.655937   1.889647    -2.46   0.014    -8.359576   -.9522972
       1983  |  -5.228252   2.081313    -2.51   0.012    -9.307552   -1.148953
       1984  |  -4.261494   2.007439    -2.12   0.034    -8.196002   -.3269848
       1985  |  -5.988284   1.855773    -3.23   0.001    -9.625532   -2.351036
       1986  |  -1.551382   1.930521    -0.80   0.422    -5.335134    2.232369
       1987  |  -.8061554   2.111298    -0.38   0.703    -4.944223    3.331912
       1988  |   -4.63019   2.257739    -2.05   0.040    -9.055277   -.2051024
       1989  |  -1.776584   2.239197    -0.79   0.428     -6.16533    2.612163
       1990  |  -2.769981   2.296867    -1.21   0.228    -7.271757    1.731796
       1991  |  -6.612485   2.195923    -3.01   0.003    -10.91641   -2.308555
       1992  |     4.7368    2.14745     2.21   0.027     .5278756    8.945725
       1993  |  -5.678417   2.391035    -2.37   0.018    -10.36476   -.9920747
       1994  |  -.7692645   2.326389    -0.33   0.741    -5.328903    3.790374
       1995  |   8.611757   2.335349     3.69   0.000     4.034557    13.18896
       1996  |   37.95155   2.607043    14.56   0.000     32.84184    43.06126
       1997  |  -30.45609   2.285552   -13.33   0.000    -34.93569   -25.97649
       1998  |  -5.760585   2.288506    -2.52   0.012    -10.24597   -1.275195
       1999  |  -2.193859   2.175426    -1.01   0.313    -6.457615    2.069898
       2000  |  -6.328166   2.120563    -2.98   0.003    -10.48439   -2.171939
       2001  |  -4.039604   2.353359    -1.72   0.086    -8.652102    .5728942
       2002  |  -3.013436   2.000822    -1.51   0.132    -6.934976    .9081044
       2003  |  -4.721146   2.112474    -2.23   0.025    -8.861518   -.5807741
       2004  |  -4.585842   1.914258    -2.40   0.017    -8.337718   -.8339656
       2005  |  -3.954638   1.878034    -2.11   0.035    -7.635517   -.2737594
       2006  |  -5.466829   2.002972    -2.73   0.006    -9.392581   -1.541077
       2007  |  -3.514442   2.022427    -1.74   0.082    -7.478327    .4494427
       2008  |  -8.181898   2.078766    -3.94   0.000     -12.2562   -4.107592
       2009  |   -3.31462   2.193158    -1.51   0.131     -7.61313    .9838902
       2010  |    -2.5749   2.091024    -1.23   0.218    -6.673231     1.52343
       2011  |   -6.95165   2.046134    -3.40   0.001      -10.962   -2.941301
       2012  |  -4.358155   2.026233    -2.15   0.031    -8.329499   -.3868106
       2013  |  -5.114209   1.874192    -2.73   0.006    -8.787559   -1.440859
       2014  |  -4.569639    1.95101    -2.34   0.019    -8.393548   -.7457292
             |
       _cons |   5.711691   1.691385     3.38   0.001     2.396636    9.026745
-------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
     sigma_u |  8.4773975
     sigma_e |  15.236117
         rho |   .2363979   (fraction of variance due to u_i)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

. 
. *Model 6
. bootstrap, cluster(agency_id) idcluster(bs_agency_id) group(agency_id) seed(999) reps(1000): xtreg bgrowth i.c
> onflict i.board i.year, fe
(running xtreg on estimation sample)

Bootstrap replications (1000)
----+--- 1 ---+--- 2 ---+--- 3 ---+--- 4 ---+--- 5 
..................................................    50
..................................................   100
..................................................   150
..................................................   200
..................................................   250
..................................................   300
..................................................   350
..................................................   400
..................................................   450
..................................................   500
..................................................   550
..................................................   600
..................................................   650
..................................................   700
..................................................   750
..................................................   800
..................................................   850
..................................................   900
..................................................   950
..................................................  1000

Fixed-effects (within) regression               Number of obs     =      6,294
Group variable: agency_id                       Number of groups  =        402

R-sq:                                           Obs per group:
     within  = 0.2392                                         min =          1
     between = 0.0177                                         avg =       15.7
     overall = 0.2050                                         max =         43

                                                Wald chi2(44)     =    1686.27
corr(u_i, Xb)  = -0.0872                        Prob > chi2       =     0.0000

                             (Replications based on 402 clusters in agency_id)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
             |   Observed   Bootstrap                         Normal-based
     bgrowth |      Coef.   Std. Err.      z    P>|z|     [95% Conf. Interval]
-------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
  1.conflict |  -1.936222   .5373905    -3.60   0.000    -2.989488   -.8829558
     1.board |  -1.686331   .7341878    -2.30   0.022    -3.125312    -.247349
             |
        year |
       1973  |   10.96285   2.249651     4.87   0.000     6.553617    15.37209
       1974  |  -2.434184   1.941459    -1.25   0.210    -6.239373    1.371004
       1975  |  -2.821095   1.883296    -1.50   0.134    -6.512288    .8700971
       1976  |  -.7669408   2.410452    -0.32   0.750     -5.49134    3.957458
       1977  |    8.10238   2.455087     3.30   0.001     3.290499    12.91426
       1978  |    1.26601   2.366207     0.54   0.593    -3.371671    5.903691
       1979  |   3.639329    2.10599     1.73   0.084    -.4883364    7.766994
       1980  |  -4.700328   2.159638    -2.18   0.030     -8.93314   -.4675166
       1981  |   1.406745   2.474765     0.57   0.570    -3.443705    6.257195
       1982  |  -4.432809   1.889254    -2.35   0.019    -8.135679   -.7299379
       1983  |  -5.029523   2.082269    -2.42   0.016    -9.110695   -.9483507
       1984  |  -4.068256   2.003817    -2.03   0.042    -7.995667   -.1408464
       1985  |  -5.792581   1.869917    -3.10   0.002    -9.457551   -2.127612
       1986  |  -1.343232   1.940413    -0.69   0.489    -5.146372    2.459909
       1987  |  -.6042506   2.122327    -0.28   0.776    -4.763935    3.555434
       1988  |  -4.378004   2.261217    -1.94   0.053    -8.809907    .0538993
       1989  |  -1.520143   2.251096    -0.68   0.499     -5.93221    2.891924
       1990  |  -2.510165   2.307441    -1.09   0.277    -7.032666    2.012335
       1991  |  -6.362658   2.209008    -2.88   0.004    -10.69223   -2.033083
       1992  |   4.984309   2.174516     2.29   0.022     .7223348    9.246282
       1993  |  -5.378974   2.377977    -2.26   0.024    -10.03972   -.7182244
       1994  |   -.484976   2.321068    -0.21   0.834    -5.034186    4.064234
       1995  |   8.838447   2.339681     3.78   0.000     4.252757    13.42414
       1996  |   38.13582   2.613722    14.59   0.000     33.01302    43.25862
       1997  |  -30.27398   2.299369   -13.17   0.000    -34.78066    -25.7673
       1998  |   -5.57975   2.298953    -2.43   0.015    -10.08562   -1.073884
       1999  |  -2.007656   2.185085    -0.92   0.358    -6.290344    2.275031
       2000  |  -6.127977   2.122345    -2.89   0.004     -10.2877   -1.968257
       2001  |  -3.874736   2.368774    -1.64   0.102    -8.517448    .7679756
       2002  |  -2.857975   2.016889    -1.42   0.156    -6.811005    1.095056
       2003  |  -4.571026   2.120112    -2.16   0.031    -8.726369   -.4156828
       2004  |   -4.40654   1.918805    -2.30   0.022    -8.167328   -.6457518
       2005  |  -3.783627   1.885898    -2.01   0.045     -7.47992   -.0873339
       2006  |    -5.3315   2.010193    -2.65   0.008    -9.271407   -1.391593
       2007  |  -3.343407   2.025729    -1.65   0.099    -7.313764    .6269493
       2008  |  -8.546564   2.091467    -4.09   0.000    -12.64576   -4.447363
       2009  |  -3.707866   2.199847    -1.69   0.092    -8.019486    .6037549
       2010  |  -2.971914   2.086113    -1.42   0.154     -7.06062    1.116792
       2011  |  -7.398917   2.060916    -3.59   0.000    -11.43824   -3.359597
       2012  |  -4.800396   2.049048    -2.34   0.019    -8.816455   -.7843365
       2013  |  -5.542825   1.887816    -2.94   0.003    -9.242875   -1.842774
       2014  |  -5.007604   1.958592    -2.56   0.011    -8.846374   -1.168833
             |
       _cons |    6.66097   1.734339     3.84   0.000     3.261728    10.06021
-------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
     sigma_u |  8.5206427
     sigma_e |  15.231055
         rho |  .23836047   (fraction of variance due to u_i)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

. 
. 
. //Table A4. Replications with Multiple Imputation.
. 
. *Recode outliers as missing values for GMM models.
. replace bgrowth=. if odd==1
(0 real changes made)

. 
. *For these models we use Stata's multiple imputation environment. We begin by fitting an imputation model for 
> the sector covariates.
. 
. set seed 999

. mi set flong

. mi xtset agency_id year
       panel variable:  agency_id (unbalanced)
        time variable:  year, 1971 to 2014, but with gaps
                delta:  1 unit

. mi register imputed academic political private public
(1104 m=0 obs. now marked as incomplete)

. mi impute chained (logit) academic political private public = bgrowth conflict creator board council llni_budg
> et, add(20) force

Conditional models:
         political: logit political i.public i.private i.academic bgrowth conflict creator board council
                     llni_budget
            public: logit public i.political i.private i.academic bgrowth conflict creator board council
                     llni_budget
           private: logit private i.political i.public i.academic bgrowth conflict creator board council
                     llni_budget
          academic: logit academic i.political i.public i.private bgrowth conflict creator board council
                     llni_budget

Performing chained iterations ...

Multivariate imputation                     Imputations =       20
Chained equations                                 added =       20
Imputed: m=1 through m=20                       updated =        0

Initialization: monotone                     Iterations =      200
                                                burn-in =       10

          academic: logistic regression
         political: logistic regression
           private: logistic regression
            public: logistic regression

------------------------------------------------------------------
                   |               Observations per m             
                   |----------------------------------------------
          Variable |   Complete   Incomplete   Imputed |     Total
-------------------+-----------------------------------+----------
          academic |       6045         1010       889 |      7055
         political |       6305          750       653 |      7055
           private |       6243          812       713 |      7055
            public |       6270          785       686 |      7055
------------------------------------------------------------------
(complete + incomplete = total; imputed is the minimum across m
 of the number of filled-in observations.)

Note: Right-hand-side variables (or weights) have missing values;
      model parameters estimated using listwise deletion.

. 
. *Model 1.
. mi estimate, dots: xtreg bgrowth conflict academic political private public creator board council llni_budget 
> i.year, fe r

Imputations (20):
  .........10.........20 done

Multiple-imputation estimates                   Imputations       =         20
Fixed-effects (within) regression               Number of obs     =      6,294

Group variable: agency_id                       Number of groups  =        402
                                                Obs per group:
                                                              min =          1
                                                              avg =       15.7
                                                              max =         43
                                                Average RVI       =     0.0344
                                                Largest FMI       =     0.2956
                                                Complete DF       =        401
DF adjustment:   Small sample                   DF:     min       =     126.76
                                                        avg       =     382.45
                                                        max       =     398.98
Model F test:       Equal FMI                   F(  51,  398.8)   =      32.54
Within VCE type:       Robust                   Prob > F          =     0.0000

                           (Within VCE adjusted for 402 clusters in agency_id)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
     bgrowth |      Coef.   Std. Err.      t    P>|t|     [95% Conf. Interval]
-------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
    conflict |  -1.913869   .5426855    -3.53   0.000    -2.980752   -.8469853
    academic |   .0259212   .8998451     0.03   0.977    -1.754743    1.806585
   political |  -.1157047   .6915141    -0.17   0.867    -1.480973    1.249563
     private |    .680456   .9567536     0.71   0.478     -1.20456    2.565472
      public |   .2424269   .6151502     0.39   0.694    -.9699175    1.454771
     creator |  -.0385696   .5139563    -0.08   0.940    -1.048974    .9718345
       board |  -1.553523   .7764485    -2.00   0.046    -3.079971   -.0270753
     council |   .2603879   .7664534     0.34   0.734    -1.246409    1.767185
 llni_budget |  -.7642687   .4878385    -1.57   0.118    -1.723326    .1947887
             |
        year |
       1973  |   10.93076   2.240894     4.88   0.000     6.525322    15.33619
       1974  |   -2.41309   1.857457    -1.30   0.195    -6.064716    1.238536
       1975  |  -2.778675   1.852203    -1.50   0.134    -6.419975    .8626239
       1976  |  -.8014673   2.381266    -0.34   0.737    -5.482866    3.879931
       1977  |   8.171912   2.441132     3.35   0.001     3.372822      12.971
       1978  |   1.402005    2.34576     0.60   0.550    -3.209593    6.013603
       1979  |   3.809382   2.106315     1.81   0.071    -.3314849    7.950248
       1980  |  -4.471606   2.144965    -2.08   0.038    -8.688456   -.2547566
       1981  |   1.658038   2.428406     0.68   0.495    -3.116038    6.432113
       1982  |  -4.103462   1.858129    -2.21   0.028    -7.756415   -.4505089
       1983  |  -4.762624   2.090681    -2.28   0.023    -8.872754   -.6524944
       1984  |  -3.863642   1.963359    -1.97   0.050    -7.723466   -.0038185
       1985  |    -5.5807   1.899139    -2.94   0.003    -9.314274   -1.847126
       1986  |   -1.12349   1.956873    -0.57   0.566    -4.970567    2.723587
       1987  |  -.4490932   2.105996    -0.21   0.831    -4.589337     3.69115
       1988  |  -4.259007   2.219389    -1.92   0.056    -8.622172    .1041589
       1989  |  -1.474373   2.265503    -0.65   0.516    -5.928197    2.979451
       1990  |   -2.51982   2.195811    -1.15   0.252    -6.836632    1.796991
       1991  |  -6.382854   2.172987    -2.94   0.004    -10.65479   -2.110915
       1992  |    4.78365   2.196051     2.18   0.030     .4663696    9.100931
       1993  |   -5.63235   2.334654    -2.41   0.016    -10.22212    -1.04258
       1994  |  -.5700885   2.331569    -0.24   0.807    -5.153788    4.013611
       1995  |   8.872455   2.343672     3.79   0.000      4.26496    13.47995
       1996  |   38.18898   2.610275    14.63   0.000     33.05736    43.32059
       1997  |  -29.60174   2.306015   -12.84   0.000    -34.13521   -25.06828
       1998  |   -5.06788   2.353145    -2.15   0.032    -9.694001   -.4417587
       1999  |  -1.452156   2.182515    -0.67   0.506    -5.742829    2.838517
       2000  |   -5.53158   2.158905    -2.56   0.011    -9.775839   -1.287321
       2001  |  -3.240156   2.365907    -1.37   0.172    -7.891367    1.411055
       2002  |  -2.224526   2.028783    -1.10   0.274    -6.212979    1.763926
       2003  |  -3.918276     2.1245    -1.84   0.066    -8.094899    .2583469
       2004  |  -3.746999   1.957185    -1.91   0.056     -7.59469    .1006921
       2005  |  -3.100566   1.959583    -1.58   0.114    -6.952974    .7518429
       2006  |  -4.613094   2.044885    -2.26   0.025    -8.633197   -.5929905
       2007  |  -2.618469   2.085821    -1.26   0.210    -6.719044    1.482105
       2008  |  -7.826733   2.112244    -3.71   0.000    -11.97925   -3.674213
       2009  |  -3.027753   2.244199    -1.35   0.178    -7.439686    1.384179
       2010  |  -2.305397   2.143788    -1.08   0.283     -6.51993    1.909136
       2011  |  -6.645037   2.157051    -3.08   0.002    -10.88564    -2.40443
       2012  |  -4.000938   2.085218    -1.92   0.056    -8.100327    .0984514
       2013  |  -4.698063   2.004931    -2.34   0.020    -8.639613   -.7565123
       2014  |  -4.146892   2.032381    -2.04   0.042    -8.142408   -.1513765
             |
       _cons |   19.61928   8.520727     2.30   0.022     2.867985    36.37057
-------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
     sigma_u |  9.0732556
     sigma_e |  15.215641
         rho |  .26231214   (fraction of variance due to u_i)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note: sigma_u and sigma_e are combined in the original metric.

. 
. *Model 2. 
. 
. *This one is somewhat sketchy as it fails to compute the standard errors for the random components, presumably
>  because the variance is too low.
. 
. mi estimate, dots: mixed bgrowth conflict academic political private public creator board council llni_budget 
> i.year || agency_id: conflict, mle cov(un)

Imputations (20):
  .........10.........20 done

Multiple-imputation estimates                   Imputations       =         20
Mixed-effects ML regression                     Number of obs     =      6,294

Group variable: agency_id                       Number of groups  =        402
                                                Obs per group:
                                                              min =          1
                                                              avg =       15.7
                                                              max =         43
                                                Average RVI       =          .
                                                Largest FMI       =          .
DF adjustment:   Large sample                   DF:     min       =       0.00
                                                        avg       =          .
                                                        max       =          .
Model F test:       Equal FMI                   F(  51, 2.6e+06)  =      35.05
                                                Prob > F          =     0.0000

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
     bgrowth |      Coef.   Std. Err.      t    P>|t|     [95% Conf. Interval]
-------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
    conflict |  -1.803984   .5216047    -3.46   0.001     -2.82631   -.7816573
    academic |   1.552801   .5959768     2.61   0.010     .3791007    2.726501
   political |   .0681887    .537193     0.13   0.899    -.9876895    1.124067
     private |   .3725367   .8032426     0.46   0.643    -1.204671    1.949744
      public |  -.3864695   .4799351    -0.81   0.421    -1.328275    .5553364
     creator |    .222239   .4648134     0.48   0.633    -.6887789    1.133257
       board |  -1.097954   .5263055    -2.09   0.037    -2.129504   -.0664043
     council |  -.6408464   .5553806    -1.15   0.249    -1.729372    .4476796
 llni_budget |   .2741905   .1014938     2.70   0.007     .0752662    .4731147
             |
        year |
       1973  |   11.09939   2.124228     5.23   0.000     6.935976    15.26279
       1974  |  -1.623215   2.111033    -0.77   0.442    -5.760764    2.514334
       1975  |  -1.618886    2.12806    -0.76   0.447    -5.789807    2.552034
       1976  |   .3682065    2.09615     0.18   0.861    -3.740172    4.476585
       1977  |   8.729514   2.162879     4.04   0.000     4.490349    12.96868
       1978  |    1.90157   2.105664     0.90   0.366    -2.225455    6.028595
       1979  |   4.286759   2.089726     2.05   0.040     .1909707    8.382547
       1980  |  -3.910466   2.072011    -1.89   0.059    -7.971532    .1506005
       1981  |   2.369123   2.090823     1.13   0.257    -1.728815    6.467061
       1982  |  -3.253718   2.015238    -1.61   0.106    -7.203513    .6960762
       1983  |  -3.936343   1.994159    -1.97   0.048    -7.844823   -.0278638
       1984  |  -2.755455   1.986484    -1.39   0.165    -6.648893    1.137983
       1985  |   -4.22402   1.971103    -2.14   0.032     -8.08731   -.3607287
       1986  |   .0400741   1.967672     0.02   0.984    -3.816493    3.896641
       1987  |   .7959872   1.961364     0.41   0.685    -3.048216     4.64019
       1988  |  -2.721784   1.964286    -1.39   0.166    -6.571713    1.128145
       1989  |   .6378733     1.9812     0.32   0.747    -3.245207    4.520953
       1990  |  -.4381041   2.010416    -0.22   0.827    -4.378446    3.502238
       1991  |   -4.43375   2.007488    -2.21   0.027    -8.368354   -.4991451
       1992  |   8.046187    2.01408     3.99   0.000     4.098662    11.99371
       1993  |  -2.898091   2.074275    -1.40   0.162    -6.963595    1.167413
       1994  |   2.224199   2.084104     1.07   0.286     -1.86057    6.308968
       1995  |   11.57874   1.973715     5.87   0.000     7.710331    15.44715
       1996  |   40.81654   2.003139    20.38   0.000     36.89046    44.74262
       1997  |   -27.0867   2.010068   -13.48   0.000    -31.02636   -23.14704
       1998  |  -2.055631   1.985635    -1.04   0.301    -5.947404    1.836143
       1999  |   1.430608   1.965337     0.73   0.467    -2.421382    5.282598
       2000  |  -2.695454   1.976801    -1.36   0.173    -6.569912    1.179004
       2001  |  -.3873334    1.99764    -0.19   0.846    -4.302636     3.52797
       2002  |   .9001349   1.948351     0.46   0.644    -2.918564    4.718834
       2003  |  -1.081982   1.924512    -0.56   0.574    -4.853956    2.689992
       2004  |  -.7840521   1.920444    -0.41   0.683    -4.548054    2.979949
       2005  |   .0845768   1.918673     0.04   0.965    -3.675954    3.845108
       2006  |  -1.309563   1.924562    -0.68   0.496    -5.081636    2.462511
       2007  |   .4439449   1.973404     0.22   0.822    -3.423855    4.311745
       2008  |  -4.357472   1.980875    -2.20   0.028    -8.239916   -.4750269
       2009  |   .6064741   1.996957     0.30   0.761     -3.30749    4.520438
       2010  |   1.358421   1.988953     0.68   0.495    -2.539856    5.256698
       2011  |  -2.978262   2.008908    -1.48   0.138     -6.91565    .9591261
       2012  |  -.3326794    1.97223    -0.17   0.866    -4.198179     3.53282
       2013  |  -.9256882   1.983842    -0.47   0.641    -4.813947     2.96257
       2014  |   .0338231   1.988693     0.02   0.986    -3.863944     3.93159
             |
       _cons |  -1.574583   2.296431    -0.69   0.493     -6.07551    2.926344
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Random-effects Parameters  |   Estimate   Std. Err.     [95% Conf. Interval]
-----------------------------+------------------------------------------------
agency_id: Unstructured      |
                sd(conflict) |    .284047          .             .           .
                   sd(_cons) |   2.973291          .             .           .
        corr(conflict,_cons) |  -.9999999          .             .           .
-----------------------------+------------------------------------------------
                sd(Residual) |   15.30089          .             .           .
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

. 
. *Model 3. 
. 
. *Because we now also want to include the lagged outcome, we must first revert back to the pre-imputed dataset 
> and then refit the imputation model.
. 
. mi extract 0, clear 

. 
. set seed 999

. mi set flong

. mi xtset agency_id year
       panel variable:  agency_id (unbalanced)
        time variable:  year, 1971 to 2014, but with gaps
                delta:  1 unit

. mi register imputed academic political private public
(1104 m=0 obs. now marked as incomplete)

. mi impute chained (logit) academic political private public = bgrowth lbgrowth conflict creator board council 
> llni_budget, add(20) force

Conditional models:
         political: logit political i.public i.private i.academic bgrowth lbgrowth conflict creator board
                     council llni_budget
            public: logit public i.political i.private i.academic bgrowth lbgrowth conflict creator board
                     council llni_budget
           private: logit private i.political i.public i.academic bgrowth lbgrowth conflict creator board
                     council llni_budget
          academic: logit academic i.political i.public i.private bgrowth lbgrowth conflict creator board
                     council llni_budget

Performing chained iterations ...

Multivariate imputation                     Imputations =       20
Chained equations                                 added =       20
Imputed: m=1 through m=20                       updated =        0

Initialization: monotone                     Iterations =      200
                                                burn-in =       10

          academic: logistic regression
         political: logistic regression
           private: logistic regression
            public: logistic regression

------------------------------------------------------------------
                   |               Observations per m             
                   |----------------------------------------------
          Variable |   Complete   Incomplete   Imputed |     Total
-------------------+-----------------------------------+----------
          academic |       6045         1010       832 |      7055
         political |       6305          750       613 |      7055
           private |       6243          812       670 |      7055
            public |       6270          785       643 |      7055
------------------------------------------------------------------
(complete + incomplete = total; imputed is the minimum across m
 of the number of filled-in observations.)

Note: Right-hand-side variables (or weights) have missing values;
      model parameters estimated using listwise deletion.

. 
. mi estimate, dots: xtabond2 bgrowth l.bgrowth i.conflict academic political private public council board creat
> or l.lni_budget y1974-y2014, gmmstyle(l.bgrowth conflict academic political private public council board l.lni
> _budget, collapse l(1 4)) ivstyle(creator y1974-y2014, eq(level)) robust twostep orthogonal

Imputations (20):
  .........10.........20 done

Multiple-imputation estimates                   Imputations       =         20
                                                Number of obs     =      5,696
Group variable: agency_id
                                                Number of groups  =        384
                                                Obs per group:
                                                              min =          1
                                                              avg =       14.8
                                                              max =         42
                                                Average RVI       =     0.0621
                                                Largest FMI       =     0.2696
DF adjustment:   Large sample                   DF:     min       =     272.04
                                                        avg       =  24,996.82
                                                        max       = 242,385.74
Model F test:       Equal FMI                   F(  51,273961.1)  =      26.64
                                                Prob > F          =     0.0000

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
     bgrowth |      Coef.   Std. Err.      t    P>|t|     [95% Conf. Interval]
-------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
     bgrowth |
         L1. |  -.0135829   .0228693    -0.59   0.553     -.058422    .0312561
             |
  1.conflict |  -1.915459   .7277064    -2.63   0.008    -3.341926   -.4889917
    academic |    2.14545   1.184881     1.81   0.071    -.1828735    4.473773
   political |  -.3300051   1.057528    -0.31   0.755    -2.411984    1.751974
     private |   1.550995   1.560791     0.99   0.321    -1.515265    4.617255
      public |   .9332807   .9842176     0.95   0.344     -1.00132    2.867881
     council |   .9147507   1.693082     0.54   0.589     -2.40415    4.233652
       board |   1.682642   2.131397     0.79   0.430    -2.495683    5.860966
     creator |   1.111956   .7639287     1.46   0.146    -.3855668    2.609478
             |
  lni_budget |
         L1. |   1.928489   .6100863     3.16   0.002     .7310183     3.12596
             |
       y1974 |  -11.64633   2.690076    -4.33   0.000    -16.91886   -6.373804
       y1975 |  -12.73519   2.168248    -5.87   0.000     -16.9852   -8.485178
       y1976 |  -11.62384   2.585473    -4.50   0.000    -16.69134   -6.556338
       y1977 |  -2.923197   2.683555    -1.09   0.276     -8.18299    2.336597
       y1978 |  -9.459284   2.810896    -3.37   0.001    -14.96889   -3.949674
       y1979 |  -6.844515   2.694144    -2.54   0.011    -12.12518   -1.563852
       y1980 |  -14.54575   2.501289    -5.82   0.000    -19.44856   -9.642947
       y1981 |  -9.007317   2.727093    -3.30   0.001     -14.3527   -3.661935
       y1982 |  -15.30121   2.392911    -6.39   0.000    -19.99151   -10.61092
       y1983 |  -13.89909    2.38949    -5.82   0.000    -18.58267   -9.215504
       y1984 |  -13.89983   2.415737    -5.75   0.000    -18.63507   -9.164587
       y1985 |  -14.95023   2.329162    -6.42   0.000    -19.51551   -10.38495
       y1986 |   -10.1066   2.507432    -4.03   0.000    -15.02195   -5.191252
       y1987 |  -9.543224    2.45924    -3.88   0.000     -14.3637    -4.72275
       y1988 |  -14.06317    2.52047    -5.58   0.000    -19.00322   -9.123114
       y1989 |  -10.70014   2.449733    -4.37   0.000    -15.50165   -5.898626
       y1990 |  -8.814702   2.622412    -3.36   0.001    -13.95483   -3.674572
       y1991 |  -13.00478   2.452812    -5.30   0.000    -17.81235   -8.197203
       y1992 |  -6.807213   2.726617    -2.50   0.013    -12.15149   -1.462936
       y1993 |   -13.4416   2.930308    -4.59   0.000    -19.18516   -7.698026
       y1994 |  -9.037642   2.795838    -3.23   0.001    -14.51763   -3.557659
       y1995 |  -4.321518   2.855668    -1.51   0.130    -9.918871    1.275835
       y1996 |   29.25591   2.902233    10.08   0.000     23.56732     34.9445
       y1997 |  -40.83877   2.968359   -13.76   0.000    -46.65762   -35.01993
       y1998 |  -14.22443   2.882912    -4.93   0.000    -19.87509   -8.573768
       y1999 |  -11.17491    2.60203    -4.29   0.000    -16.27558   -6.074238
       y2000 |  -16.60376   2.665164    -6.23   0.000     -21.8277   -11.37981
       y2001 |  -10.48797   2.733227    -3.84   0.000    -15.84536   -5.130581
       y2002 |  -11.67162   2.536716    -4.60   0.000    -16.64384   -6.699407
       y2003 |  -13.78097   2.473226    -5.57   0.000     -18.6291   -8.932846
       y2004 |   -14.6597   2.341549    -6.26   0.000    -19.24943   -10.06996
       y2005 |  -13.40704   2.271366    -5.90   0.000    -17.85904   -8.955045
       y2006 |  -13.47456   2.314581    -5.82   0.000    -18.01135    -8.93777
       y2007 |   -12.8974   2.517982    -5.12   0.000    -17.83291   -7.961897
       y2008 |  -16.97689   2.638817    -6.43   0.000    -22.14898   -11.80479
       y2009 |  -12.35416   2.673517    -4.62   0.000    -17.59447   -7.113857
       y2010 |  -11.95039    2.56726    -4.65   0.000    -16.98238   -6.918396
       y2011 |  -17.30842   2.628938    -6.58   0.000    -22.46138   -12.15546
       y2012 |  -13.58266    2.64001    -5.14   0.000    -18.75728   -8.408038
       y2013 |  -14.83299   2.492443    -5.95   0.000    -19.71834   -9.947645
       y2014 |  -13.83388   2.444041    -5.66   0.000    -18.62437   -9.043392
       _cons |  -22.47722    11.0594    -2.03   0.043    -44.19624   -.7582028
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

. 
. *Revert to pre-imputed dataset before moving on to the next set of models.
. mi extract 0, clear

. 
. 
. //Table A6. Replications with Lagged Instrumentation.
. 
. *Recode outliers as missing values for GMM models.
. replace bgrowth=. if odd==1
(0 real changes made)

. 
. *Five Lags.
. xtabond2 bgrowth l.bgrowth i.conflict academic political private public creator board council l.lni_budget y19
> 74-y2014, gmmstyle(l.bgrowth conflict academic political private public board council l.lni_budget, collapse l
> (1 5)) ivstyle(creator y1974-y2014, eq(level)) robust twostep orthogonal
Favoring space over speed. To switch, type or click on mata: mata set matafavor speed, perm.
0b.conflict dropped due to collinearity

Dynamic panel-data estimation, two-step system GMM
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Group variable: agency_id                       Number of obs      =      4806
Time variable : year                            Number of groups   =       353
Number of instruments = 97                      Obs per group: min =         1
Wald chi2(51) =   1711.12                                      avg =     13.61
Prob > chi2   =     0.000                                      max =        42
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
             |              Corrected
     bgrowth |      Coef.   Std. Err.      z    P>|z|     [95% Conf. Interval]
-------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
     bgrowth |
         L1. |  -.0046163    .023729    -0.19   0.846    -.0511243    .0418917
             |
  1.conflict |    -1.6147   .8175668    -1.98   0.048    -3.217101   -.0122984
    academic |   3.738747   1.463904     2.55   0.011     .8695484    6.607945
   political |  -.9366674     1.1414    -0.82   0.412     -3.17377    1.300435
     private |   1.476717   1.443646     1.02   0.306    -1.352777    4.306211
      public |   1.531363   1.192801     1.28   0.199    -.8064839     3.86921
     creator |   1.337996    .773474     1.73   0.084    -.1779856    2.853977
       board |   1.478016   2.257739     0.65   0.513    -2.947072    5.903103
     council |  -.7780356   1.707573    -0.46   0.649    -4.124817    2.568746
             |
  lni_budget |
         L1. |   1.344594   .5961022     2.26   0.024     .1762546    2.512932
             |
       y1974 |  -11.54025   2.894789    -3.99   0.000    -17.21393   -5.866564
       y1975 |  -12.45047   2.244261    -5.55   0.000    -16.84914   -8.051803
       y1976 |  -11.96131   2.715338    -4.41   0.000    -17.28327    -6.63934
       y1977 |    -2.6884   2.770478    -0.97   0.332    -8.118437    2.741637
       y1978 |  -9.476632   2.947383    -3.22   0.001     -15.2534   -3.699867
       y1979 |  -5.777319   2.859624    -2.02   0.043    -11.38208   -.1725581
       y1980 |  -15.04184   2.496219    -6.03   0.000    -19.93434   -10.14934
       y1981 |  -9.301206   2.840804    -3.27   0.001    -14.86908   -3.733333
       y1982 |  -15.67995   2.571718    -6.10   0.000    -20.72043   -10.63948
       y1983 |  -13.55962   2.578299    -5.26   0.000    -18.61299   -8.506244
       y1984 |  -14.07841   2.516316    -5.59   0.000     -19.0103   -9.146522
       y1985 |  -14.61456   2.465124    -5.93   0.000    -19.44612    -9.78301
       y1986 |  -10.40593   2.628497    -3.96   0.000    -15.55769    -5.25417
       y1987 |  -9.925686   2.608415    -3.81   0.000    -15.03809   -4.813287
       y1988 |  -14.24725   2.858796    -4.98   0.000    -19.85039   -8.644114
       y1989 |  -9.576286   2.574523    -3.72   0.000    -14.62226   -4.530314
       y1990 |  -8.960574   2.896518    -3.09   0.002    -14.63764   -3.283502
       y1991 |    -13.689   2.645916    -5.17   0.000    -18.87489   -8.503096
       y1992 |  -8.058838   3.059797    -2.63   0.008    -14.05593   -2.061747
       y1993 |  -13.77372   3.113881    -4.42   0.000    -19.87681   -7.670623
       y1994 |   -8.80507   2.857184    -3.08   0.002    -14.40505   -3.205094
       y1995 |  -4.075905   2.852315    -1.43   0.153     -9.66634     1.51453
       y1996 |   29.95914   3.038997     9.86   0.000     24.00282    35.91547
       y1997 |  -40.68502   3.021685   -13.46   0.000    -46.60741   -34.76263
       y1998 |  -12.03088   3.122587    -3.85   0.000    -18.15104   -5.910723
       y1999 |  -10.18077   2.787609    -3.65   0.000    -15.64439    -4.71716
       y2000 |  -15.67491   2.840774    -5.52   0.000    -21.24273    -10.1071
       y2001 |  -9.486608   2.823457    -3.36   0.001    -15.02048   -3.952735
       y2002 |  -10.69297   2.723499    -3.93   0.000    -16.03093   -5.355015
       y2003 |  -12.75686   2.633889    -4.84   0.000    -17.91918   -7.594529
       y2004 |   -13.6747   2.551494    -5.36   0.000    -18.67554   -8.673864
       y2005 |  -12.81214   2.571045    -4.98   0.000     -17.8513   -7.772984
       y2006 |  -11.69387   2.599712    -4.50   0.000    -16.78921   -6.598525
       y2007 |  -12.43524   2.788377    -4.46   0.000    -17.90036   -6.970123
       y2008 |  -16.94647   2.910404    -5.82   0.000    -22.65075   -11.24218
       y2009 |  -12.03042   3.041909    -3.95   0.000    -17.99245   -6.068384
       y2010 |  -10.16881     2.7858    -3.65   0.000    -15.62888   -4.708747
       y2011 |  -16.64326    2.92293    -5.69   0.000     -22.3721   -10.91442
       y2012 |  -12.66659   2.884645    -4.39   0.000    -18.32039   -7.012792
       y2013 |  -14.17567   2.717878    -5.22   0.000    -19.50261   -8.848723
       y2014 |  -13.62489   2.756401    -4.94   0.000    -19.02733    -8.22244
       _cons |  -12.65197   10.44251    -1.21   0.226    -33.11892    7.814982
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Instruments for orthogonal deviations equation
  GMM-type (missing=0, separate instruments for each period unless collapsed)
    L(1/5).(L.bgrowth conflict academic political private public board council
    L.lni_budget) collapsed
Instruments for levels equation
  Standard
    creator y1974 y1975 y1976 y1977 y1978 y1979 y1980 y1981 y1982 y1983 y1984
    y1985 y1986 y1987 y1988 y1989 y1990 y1991 y1992 y1993 y1994 y1995 y1996
    y1997 y1998 y1999 y2000 y2001 y2002 y2003 y2004 y2005 y2006 y2007 y2008
    y2009 y2010 y2011 y2012 y2013 y2014
    _cons
  GMM-type (missing=0, separate instruments for each period unless collapsed)
    D.(L.bgrowth conflict academic political private public board council
    L.lni_budget) collapsed
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Arellano-Bond test for AR(1) in first differences: z =  -9.32  Pr > z =  0.000
Arellano-Bond test for AR(2) in first differences: z =   0.38  Pr > z =  0.705
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sargan test of overid. restrictions: chi2(45)   =  85.01  Prob > chi2 =  0.000
  (Not robust, but not weakened by many instruments.)
Hansen test of overid. restrictions: chi2(45)   =  58.17  Prob > chi2 =  0.090
  (Robust, but weakened by many instruments.)

Difference-in-Hansen tests of exogeneity of instrument subsets:
  GMM instruments for levels
    Hansen test excluding group:     chi2(36)   =  48.04  Prob > chi2 =  0.086
    Difference (null H = exogenous): chi2(9)    =  10.13  Prob > chi2 =  0.340
  iv(creator y1974 y1975 y1976 y1977 y1978 y1979 y1980 y1981 y1982 y1983 y1984 y1985 y1986 y1987 y1988 y1989 y19
> 90 y1991 y1992 y1993 y1994 y1995 y1996 y1997 y1998 y1999 y2000 y2001 y2002 y2003 y2004 y2005 y2006 y2007 y2008
>  y2009 y2010 y2011 y2012 y2013 y2014, eq(level))
    Hansen test excluding group:     chi2(3)    =   6.97  Prob > chi2 =  0.073
    Difference (null H = exogenous): chi2(42)   =  51.20  Prob > chi2 =  0.156


. 
. *Four Lags.
. xtabond2 bgrowth l.bgrowth i.conflict academic political private public creator board council l.lni_budget y19
> 74-y2014, gmmstyle(l.bgrowth conflict academic political private public board council l.lni_budget, collapse l
> (1 4)) ivstyle(creator y1974-y2014, eq(level)) robust twostep orthogonal
Favoring space over speed. To switch, type or click on mata: mata set matafavor speed, perm.
0b.conflict dropped due to collinearity

Dynamic panel-data estimation, two-step system GMM
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Group variable: agency_id                       Number of obs      =      4806
Time variable : year                            Number of groups   =       353
Number of instruments = 88                      Obs per group: min =         1
Wald chi2(51) =   1646.96                                      avg =     13.61
Prob > chi2   =     0.000                                      max =        42
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
             |              Corrected
     bgrowth |      Coef.   Std. Err.      z    P>|z|     [95% Conf. Interval]
-------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
     bgrowth |
         L1. |  -.0065777   .0230807    -0.28   0.776    -.0518151    .0386597
             |
  1.conflict |  -1.685692   .7897089    -2.13   0.033    -3.233493   -.1378908
    academic |   3.930544   1.466748     2.68   0.007     1.055771    6.805316
   political |  -.7734874   1.126769    -0.69   0.492    -2.981913    1.434939
     private |   2.161334    1.48027     1.46   0.144     -.739942     5.06261
      public |   1.975998    1.19462     1.65   0.098    -.3654139     4.31741
     creator |   1.392751     .76161     1.83   0.067    -.0999777    2.885479
       board |   1.301421   2.221849     0.59   0.558    -3.053323    5.656165
     council |  -.0001609   1.724553    -0.00   1.000    -3.380222      3.3799
             |
  lni_budget |
         L1. |   1.721906   .6020846     2.86   0.004     .5418415     2.90197
             |
       y1974 |  -11.61322   2.845764    -4.08   0.000    -17.19082   -6.035628
       y1975 |  -12.62716   2.199923    -5.74   0.000    -16.93893   -8.315385
       y1976 |  -11.93215   2.720801    -4.39   0.000    -17.26482   -6.599476
       y1977 |   -2.92681   2.746565    -1.07   0.287    -8.309978    2.456358
       y1978 |  -9.495668   2.894088    -3.28   0.001    -15.16798   -3.823358
       y1979 |  -5.983438    2.78042    -2.15   0.031    -11.43296   -.5339151
       y1980 |  -15.12246   2.447027    -6.18   0.000    -19.91855   -10.32638
       y1981 |  -9.394789   2.826807    -3.32   0.001    -14.93523   -3.854349
       y1982 |  -16.06351   2.493524    -6.44   0.000    -20.95073   -11.17629
       y1983 |  -13.23683   2.570081    -5.15   0.000    -18.27409    -8.19956
       y1984 |   -13.9191   2.492763    -5.58   0.000    -18.80482   -9.033372
       y1985 |  -14.88352   2.428395    -6.13   0.000    -19.64308   -10.12395
       y1986 |  -10.28473   2.615544    -3.93   0.000     -15.4111    -5.15836
       y1987 |  -10.48534   2.613672    -4.01   0.000    -15.60805   -5.362639
       y1988 |  -14.86983   2.886471    -5.15   0.000    -20.52721   -9.212447
       y1989 |  -9.542842   2.604845    -3.66   0.000    -14.64824    -4.43744
       y1990 |   -9.15692   2.795397    -3.28   0.001     -14.6358   -3.678042
       y1991 |  -13.76802    2.58779    -5.32   0.000       -18.84   -8.696047
       y1992 |  -7.667176   2.976237    -2.58   0.010    -13.50049   -1.833858
       y1993 |  -13.78634    3.07704    -4.48   0.000    -19.81722   -7.755447
       y1994 |  -9.315092   2.871748    -3.24   0.001    -14.94361   -3.686568
       y1995 |  -4.207239    2.76382    -1.52   0.128    -9.624226    1.209747
       y1996 |   29.65831   2.974274     9.97   0.000     23.82884    35.48778
       y1997 |  -40.92197   2.973683   -13.76   0.000    -46.75028   -35.09366
       y1998 |  -13.14365   3.060139    -4.30   0.000    -19.14141   -7.145888
       y1999 |  -10.29267   2.715899    -3.79   0.000    -15.61573   -4.969607
       y2000 |  -16.35462   2.808086    -5.82   0.000    -21.85836   -10.85087
       y2001 |  -9.560819   2.782419    -3.44   0.001    -15.01426   -4.107378
       y2002 |  -11.22454   2.694029    -4.17   0.000    -16.50474   -5.944336
       y2003 |  -13.17267   2.573915    -5.12   0.000    -18.21745   -8.127891
       y2004 |  -14.25056   2.491883    -5.72   0.000    -19.13456   -9.366562
       y2005 |  -13.47565    2.50011    -5.39   0.000    -18.37578   -8.575529
       y2006 |  -11.94417   2.539672    -4.70   0.000    -16.92184   -6.966508
       y2007 |   -13.0376   2.750145    -4.74   0.000    -18.42778   -7.647413
       y2008 |  -17.58906   2.884758    -6.10   0.000    -23.24308   -11.93504
       y2009 |  -12.96453   3.002772    -4.32   0.000    -18.84985   -7.079203
       y2010 |  -11.38917   2.781051    -4.10   0.000    -16.83993   -5.938411
       y2011 |  -17.73557   2.917597    -6.08   0.000    -23.45396   -12.01719
       y2012 |  -13.40912    2.85791    -4.69   0.000    -19.01052   -7.807721
       y2013 |  -15.19121   2.704276    -5.62   0.000    -20.49149   -9.890928
       y2014 |   -14.4087   2.709915    -5.32   0.000    -19.72003   -9.097363
       _cons |    -19.762   10.72875    -1.84   0.065    -40.78995    1.265958
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Instruments for orthogonal deviations equation
  GMM-type (missing=0, separate instruments for each period unless collapsed)
    L(1/4).(L.bgrowth conflict academic political private public board council
    L.lni_budget) collapsed
Instruments for levels equation
  Standard
    creator y1974 y1975 y1976 y1977 y1978 y1979 y1980 y1981 y1982 y1983 y1984
    y1985 y1986 y1987 y1988 y1989 y1990 y1991 y1992 y1993 y1994 y1995 y1996
    y1997 y1998 y1999 y2000 y2001 y2002 y2003 y2004 y2005 y2006 y2007 y2008
    y2009 y2010 y2011 y2012 y2013 y2014
    _cons
  GMM-type (missing=0, separate instruments for each period unless collapsed)
    D.(L.bgrowth conflict academic political private public board council
    L.lni_budget) collapsed
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Arellano-Bond test for AR(1) in first differences: z =  -9.40  Pr > z =  0.000
Arellano-Bond test for AR(2) in first differences: z =   0.39  Pr > z =  0.694
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sargan test of overid. restrictions: chi2(36)   =  72.31  Prob > chi2 =  0.000
  (Not robust, but not weakened by many instruments.)
Hansen test of overid. restrictions: chi2(36)   =  46.71  Prob > chi2 =  0.109
  (Robust, but weakened by many instruments.)

Difference-in-Hansen tests of exogeneity of instrument subsets:
  GMM instruments for levels
    Hansen test excluding group:     chi2(27)   =  35.77  Prob > chi2 =  0.120
    Difference (null H = exogenous): chi2(9)    =  10.93  Prob > chi2 =  0.280


. 
. *Three Lags.
. xtabond2 bgrowth l.bgrowth i.conflict academic political private public creator board council l.lni_budget y19
> 74-y2014, gmmstyle(l.bgrowth conflict academic political private public board council l.lni_budget, collapse l
> (1 3)) ivstyle(creator y1974-y2014, eq(level)) robust twostep orthogonal
Favoring space over speed. To switch, type or click on mata: mata set matafavor speed, perm.
0b.conflict dropped due to collinearity

Dynamic panel-data estimation, two-step system GMM
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Group variable: agency_id                       Number of obs      =      4806
Time variable : year                            Number of groups   =       353
Number of instruments = 79                      Obs per group: min =         1
Wald chi2(51) =   1574.22                                      avg =     13.61
Prob > chi2   =     0.000                                      max =        42
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
             |              Corrected
     bgrowth |      Coef.   Std. Err.      z    P>|z|     [95% Conf. Interval]
-------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
     bgrowth |
         L1. |  -.0074683    .022712    -0.33   0.742    -.0519829    .0370463
             |
  1.conflict |  -1.638156   .7879419    -2.08   0.038    -3.182493   -.0938179
    academic |   3.585892   1.448469     2.48   0.013     .7469447    6.424839
   political |  -.7097521   1.116962    -0.64   0.525    -2.898958    1.479454
     private |   1.833712   1.510756     1.21   0.225    -1.127315     4.79474
      public |   1.880593   1.161478     1.62   0.105    -.3958624    4.157048
     creator |   1.409055   .7929937     1.78   0.076    -.1451845    2.963294
       board |   1.063912   2.349331     0.45   0.651    -3.540692    5.668516
     council |  -.4622412   1.752271    -0.26   0.792    -3.896629    2.972146
             |
  lni_budget |
         L1. |    2.12527   .6396531     3.32   0.001     .8715727    3.378967
             |
       y1974 |  -11.20487   2.836576    -3.95   0.000    -16.76445   -5.645279
       y1975 |  -12.29551   2.144751    -5.73   0.000    -16.49914   -8.091875
       y1976 |  -11.42017   2.712431    -4.21   0.000    -16.73643     -6.1039
       y1977 |   -3.03155   2.718946    -1.11   0.265    -8.360586    2.297486
       y1978 |  -9.420209   2.835887    -3.32   0.001    -14.97844   -3.861973
       y1979 |  -5.420647   2.886369    -1.88   0.060    -11.07783    .2365323
       y1980 |  -14.94295   2.484004    -6.02   0.000    -19.81151   -10.07439
       y1981 |  -9.249926   2.775465    -3.33   0.001    -14.68974   -3.810116
       y1982 |  -15.61299   2.527173    -6.18   0.000    -20.56616   -10.65982
       y1983 |  -12.59848   2.589032    -4.87   0.000    -17.67289    -7.52407
       y1984 |  -13.52467   2.464058    -5.49   0.000    -18.35414   -8.695209
       y1985 |  -14.88663   2.473017    -6.02   0.000    -19.73366   -10.03961
       y1986 |  -10.50376   2.638167    -3.98   0.000    -15.67447    -5.33305
       y1987 |  -10.54157   2.658512    -3.97   0.000    -15.75216   -5.330982
       y1988 |  -14.34062   2.916943    -4.92   0.000    -20.05773    -8.62352
       y1989 |  -8.964385   2.621271    -3.42   0.001    -14.10198   -3.826789
       y1990 |  -9.528596   2.816444    -3.38   0.001    -15.04872   -4.008466
       y1991 |  -13.80449   2.709683    -5.09   0.000    -19.11537    -8.49361
       y1992 |  -6.635123   2.979233    -2.23   0.026    -12.47431   -.7959342
       y1993 |   -13.5862   3.055925    -4.45   0.000     -19.5757   -7.596696
       y1994 |  -8.768317   2.920946    -3.00   0.003    -14.49327   -3.043368
       y1995 |  -3.289493   2.838363    -1.16   0.246    -8.852582    2.273596
       y1996 |    29.7479   2.978346     9.99   0.000     23.91045    35.58535
       y1997 |  -41.29378    3.00251   -13.75   0.000    -47.17859   -35.40897
       y1998 |   -13.2441   3.013147    -4.40   0.000    -19.14976   -7.338443
       y1999 |   -10.8183   2.699922    -4.01   0.000    -16.11005    -5.52655
       y2000 |  -16.65529    2.77619    -6.00   0.000    -22.09652   -11.21406
       y2001 |  -9.444978   2.748138    -3.44   0.001    -14.83123   -4.058727
       y2002 |  -11.53452   2.668912    -4.32   0.000    -16.76549   -6.303544
       y2003 |  -13.33693   2.575219    -5.18   0.000    -18.38426   -8.289588
       y2004 |  -14.31628   2.476209    -5.78   0.000    -19.16956   -9.463004
       y2005 |  -13.62903   2.505931    -5.44   0.000    -18.54056   -8.717495
       y2006 |  -12.30609   2.556264    -4.81   0.000    -17.31627   -7.295901
       y2007 |  -13.43249   2.727562    -4.92   0.000    -18.77842   -8.086569
       y2008 |  -17.90571   2.842804    -6.30   0.000     -23.4775   -12.33392
       y2009 |  -12.92614   2.940729    -4.40   0.000    -18.68986   -7.162416
       y2010 |  -11.86437   2.720698    -4.36   0.000    -17.19684   -6.531905
       y2011 |  -17.69303   2.825625    -6.26   0.000    -23.23115   -12.15491
       y2012 |  -13.56251   2.766285    -4.90   0.000    -18.98433   -8.140696
       y2013 |  -15.65461   2.634633    -5.94   0.000     -20.8184   -10.49083
       y2014 |  -14.60371   2.641005    -5.53   0.000    -19.77998   -9.427435
       _cons |  -26.53653   11.47125    -2.31   0.021    -49.01977   -4.053283
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Instruments for orthogonal deviations equation
  GMM-type (missing=0, separate instruments for each period unless collapsed)
    L(1/3).(L.bgrowth conflict academic political private public board council
    L.lni_budget) collapsed
Instruments for levels equation
  Standard
    creator y1974 y1975 y1976 y1977 y1978 y1979 y1980 y1981 y1982 y1983 y1984
    y1985 y1986 y1987 y1988 y1989 y1990 y1991 y1992 y1993 y1994 y1995 y1996
    y1997 y1998 y1999 y2000 y2001 y2002 y2003 y2004 y2005 y2006 y2007 y2008
    y2009 y2010 y2011 y2012 y2013 y2014
    _cons
  GMM-type (missing=0, separate instruments for each period unless collapsed)
    D.(L.bgrowth conflict academic political private public board council
    L.lni_budget) collapsed
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Arellano-Bond test for AR(1) in first differences: z =  -9.42  Pr > z =  0.000
Arellano-Bond test for AR(2) in first differences: z =   0.41  Pr > z =  0.682
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sargan test of overid. restrictions: chi2(27)   =  57.95  Prob > chi2 =  0.000
  (Not robust, but not weakened by many instruments.)
Hansen test of overid. restrictions: chi2(27)   =  34.48  Prob > chi2 =  0.152
  (Robust, but weakened by many instruments.)

Difference-in-Hansen tests of exogeneity of instrument subsets:
  GMM instruments for levels
    Hansen test excluding group:     chi2(18)   =  20.63  Prob > chi2 =  0.298
    Difference (null H = exogenous): chi2(9)    =  13.85  Prob > chi2 =  0.128


. 
. *Two Lags.
. xtabond2 bgrowth l.bgrowth i.conflict academic political private public creator board council l.lni_budget y19
> 74-y2014, gmmstyle(l.bgrowth conflict academic political private public board council l.lni_budget, collapse l
> (1 2)) ivstyle(creator y1974-y2014, eq(level)) robust twostep orthogonal
Favoring space over speed. To switch, type or click on mata: mata set matafavor speed, perm.
0b.conflict dropped due to collinearity

Dynamic panel-data estimation, two-step system GMM
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Group variable: agency_id                       Number of obs      =      4806
Time variable : year                            Number of groups   =       353
Number of instruments = 70                      Obs per group: min =         1
Wald chi2(51) =   1609.77                                      avg =     13.61
Prob > chi2   =     0.000                                      max =        42
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
             |              Corrected
     bgrowth |      Coef.   Std. Err.      z    P>|z|     [95% Conf. Interval]
-------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
     bgrowth |
         L1. |  -.0080229   .0219998    -0.36   0.715    -.0511418    .0350959
             |
  1.conflict |  -1.737266   .7615103    -2.28   0.023    -3.229799   -.2447334
    academic |   2.875534   1.395442     2.06   0.039     .1405186     5.61055
   political |  -.8158986   1.080918    -0.75   0.450    -2.934459    1.302662
     private |   1.607504   1.519523     1.06   0.290    -1.370706    4.585714
      public |   1.649506   1.108496     1.49   0.137    -.5231052    3.822118
     creator |    1.32991   .7697037     1.73   0.084    -.1786817    2.838502
       board |   .4896218   2.363107     0.21   0.836    -4.141983    5.121227
     council |  -.8264871   1.711884    -0.48   0.629    -4.181718    2.528743
             |
  lni_budget |
         L1. |   2.197343    .594447     3.70   0.000     1.032249    3.362438
             |
       y1974 |  -12.40428   2.765225    -4.49   0.000    -17.82402   -6.984536
       y1975 |  -12.51424   2.147933    -5.83   0.000    -16.72411   -8.304364
       y1976 |  -11.55708    2.66987    -4.33   0.000    -16.78993    -6.32423
       y1977 |  -2.620206   2.632397    -1.00   0.320     -7.77961    2.539197
       y1978 |  -9.496436    2.74641    -3.46   0.001     -14.8793   -4.113572
       y1979 |  -5.900852   2.792094    -2.11   0.035    -11.37326   -.4284477
       y1980 |   -15.3905   2.398939    -6.42   0.000    -20.09233   -10.68866
       y1981 |  -9.369712   2.664562    -3.52   0.000    -14.59216   -4.147267
       y1982 |  -15.54222   2.462089    -6.31   0.000    -20.36783   -10.71662
       y1983 |  -13.20931   2.534626    -5.21   0.000    -18.17708   -8.241535
       y1984 |  -13.64782   2.401753    -5.68   0.000    -18.35516   -8.940466
       y1985 |  -15.42639   2.397419    -6.43   0.000    -20.12524   -10.72753
       y1986 |  -10.17657   2.558036    -3.98   0.000    -15.19023   -5.162911
       y1987 |  -10.96193   2.560472    -4.28   0.000    -15.98036   -5.943493
       y1988 |  -14.16991   2.766645    -5.12   0.000    -19.59244    -8.74739
       y1989 |  -8.867744   2.559387    -3.46   0.001    -13.88405   -3.851437
       y1990 |  -9.322135   2.720883    -3.43   0.001    -14.65497   -3.989303
       y1991 |  -13.83802   2.628298    -5.27   0.000    -18.98939   -8.686654
       y1992 |  -7.124297   2.879905    -2.47   0.013    -12.76881   -1.479787
       y1993 |  -12.46218   2.927297    -4.26   0.000    -18.19957   -6.724779
       y1994 |  -9.320629   2.901863    -3.21   0.001    -15.00818   -3.633082
       y1995 |  -4.097415   2.843431    -1.44   0.150    -9.670438    1.475607
       y1996 |   29.98641   2.913708    10.29   0.000     24.27565    35.69717
       y1997 |  -41.05008   2.871361   -14.30   0.000    -46.67784   -35.42232
       y1998 |  -13.36986   2.915264    -4.59   0.000    -19.08367   -7.656047
       y1999 |   -10.8767   2.565772    -4.24   0.000    -15.90552    -5.84788
       y2000 |   -15.9589   2.702596    -5.91   0.000    -21.25589   -10.66191
       y2001 |  -9.741157   2.595737    -3.75   0.000    -14.82871   -4.653606
       y2002 |  -11.49575   2.575884    -4.46   0.000    -16.54439   -6.447107
       y2003 |  -13.03375   2.436234    -5.35   0.000    -17.80868   -8.258815
       y2004 |   -14.0724   2.327566    -6.05   0.000    -18.63434   -9.510449
       y2005 |  -13.83486   2.356956    -5.87   0.000    -18.45441   -9.215313
       y2006 |  -12.62983   2.396836    -5.27   0.000    -17.32754   -7.932116
       y2007 |  -13.49992     2.5789    -5.23   0.000    -18.55447   -8.445369
       y2008 |  -17.74379   2.730375    -6.50   0.000    -23.09523   -12.39236
       y2009 |  -12.85828   2.795043    -4.60   0.000    -18.33646   -7.380098
       y2010 |  -12.36811   2.614396    -4.73   0.000    -17.49224   -7.243991
       y2011 |  -17.91049   2.682153    -6.68   0.000    -23.16742   -12.65357
       y2012 |  -13.68856   2.647623    -5.17   0.000    -18.87781   -8.499316
       y2013 |  -15.40465   2.517615    -6.12   0.000    -20.33908   -10.47021
       y2014 |  -14.49092   2.494573    -5.81   0.000     -19.3802   -9.601652
       _cons |  -26.82187    10.5601    -2.54   0.011    -47.51928   -6.124456
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Instruments for orthogonal deviations equation
  GMM-type (missing=0, separate instruments for each period unless collapsed)
    L(1/2).(L.bgrowth conflict academic political private public board council
    L.lni_budget) collapsed
Instruments for levels equation
  Standard
    creator y1974 y1975 y1976 y1977 y1978 y1979 y1980 y1981 y1982 y1983 y1984
    y1985 y1986 y1987 y1988 y1989 y1990 y1991 y1992 y1993 y1994 y1995 y1996
    y1997 y1998 y1999 y2000 y2001 y2002 y2003 y2004 y2005 y2006 y2007 y2008
    y2009 y2010 y2011 y2012 y2013 y2014
    _cons
  GMM-type (missing=0, separate instruments for each period unless collapsed)
    D.(L.bgrowth conflict academic political private public board council
    L.lni_budget) collapsed
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Arellano-Bond test for AR(1) in first differences: z =  -9.57  Pr > z =  0.000
Arellano-Bond test for AR(2) in first differences: z =   0.39  Pr > z =  0.693
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sargan test of overid. restrictions: chi2(18)   =  45.70  Prob > chi2 =  0.000
  (Not robust, but not weakened by many instruments.)
Hansen test of overid. restrictions: chi2(18)   =  21.63  Prob > chi2 =  0.249
  (Robust, but weakened by many instruments.)

Difference-in-Hansen tests of exogeneity of instrument subsets:
  GMM instruments for levels
    Hansen test excluding group:     chi2(9)    =   5.81  Prob > chi2 =  0.758
    Difference (null H = exogenous): chi2(9)    =  15.81  Prob > chi2 =  0.071


. 
. *One Lag.
. xtabond2 bgrowth l.bgrowth i.conflict academic political private public creator board council l.lni_budget y19
> 74-y2014, gmmstyle(l.bgrowth conflict academic political private public board council l.lni_budget, collapse l
> (1 1)) ivstyle(creator y1974-y2014, eq(level)) robust twostep orthogonal
Favoring space over speed. To switch, type or click on mata: mata set matafavor speed, perm.
0b.conflict dropped due to collinearity

Dynamic panel-data estimation, two-step system GMM
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Group variable: agency_id                       Number of obs      =      4806
Time variable : year                            Number of groups   =       353
Number of instruments = 61                      Obs per group: min =         1
Wald chi2(51) =   1729.75                                      avg =     13.61
Prob > chi2   =     0.000                                      max =        42
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
             |              Corrected
     bgrowth |      Coef.   Std. Err.      z    P>|z|     [95% Conf. Interval]
-------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
     bgrowth |
         L1. |  -.0127191   .0228985    -0.56   0.579    -.0575994    .0321612
             |
  1.conflict |  -1.641381   .7973599    -2.06   0.040    -3.204177   -.0785838
    academic |   3.198677   1.610001     1.99   0.047     .0431326    6.354222
   political |  -.0792291   1.204765    -0.07   0.948    -2.440525    2.282067
     private |   2.282176   1.841821     1.24   0.215    -1.327726    5.892078
      public |   2.117342   1.170752     1.81   0.071     -.177289    4.411973
     creator |   1.731014   .7978525     2.17   0.030     .1672515    3.294776
       board |   .0771285    2.37026     0.03   0.974    -4.568496    4.722753
     council |  -.0304471   2.205658    -0.01   0.989    -4.353457    4.292562
             |
  lni_budget |
         L1. |   3.003028   .6972291     4.31   0.000     1.636484    4.369571
             |
       y1974 |   -12.4176   2.680803    -4.63   0.000    -17.67188   -7.163327
       y1975 |  -12.78917    2.12857    -6.01   0.000    -16.96109   -8.617245
       y1976 |  -11.46391   2.555948    -4.49   0.000    -16.47348   -6.454349
       y1977 |  -3.056345   2.584351    -1.18   0.237    -8.121581     2.00889
       y1978 |  -10.25722   2.692562    -3.81   0.000    -15.53454   -4.979893
       y1979 |  -6.158963   2.728116    -2.26   0.024    -11.50597   -.8119537
       y1980 |  -16.07356   2.397367    -6.70   0.000    -20.77231    -11.3748
       y1981 |     -9.852   2.620433    -3.76   0.000    -14.98795   -4.716046
       y1982 |  -15.62279   2.446497    -6.39   0.000    -20.41783   -10.82774
       y1983 |  -13.38167   2.566859    -5.21   0.000    -18.41262   -8.350719
       y1984 |   -13.9229   2.351786    -5.92   0.000    -18.53232   -9.313487
       y1985 |   -15.4262   2.375275    -6.49   0.000    -20.08165   -10.77074
       y1986 |  -10.37488   2.478089    -4.19   0.000    -15.23185   -5.517919
       y1987 |  -10.55103   2.480408    -4.25   0.000    -15.41255   -5.689524
       y1988 |  -14.18153   2.659574    -5.33   0.000     -19.3942    -8.96886
       y1989 |  -9.808376   2.533517    -3.87   0.000    -14.77398   -4.842774
       y1990 |  -9.780542   2.633704    -3.71   0.000    -14.94251   -4.618578
       y1991 |  -14.22956   2.576246    -5.52   0.000    -19.27891   -9.180208
       y1992 |  -7.603803   2.867302    -2.65   0.008    -13.22361   -1.983994
       y1993 |  -12.40339   2.937817    -4.22   0.000    -18.16141   -6.645378
       y1994 |  -9.151889   2.806744    -3.26   0.001    -14.65301   -3.650771
       y1995 |  -3.806947   2.766892    -1.38   0.169    -9.229956    1.616063
       y1996 |   29.72949   2.771149    10.73   0.000     24.29814    35.16084
       y1997 |  -42.08649   2.815545   -14.95   0.000    -47.60485   -36.56812
       y1998 |  -14.72152   2.885779    -5.10   0.000    -20.37755   -9.065502
       y1999 |  -11.24846   2.523991    -4.46   0.000    -16.19539   -6.301531
       y2000 |  -16.62798   2.587574    -6.43   0.000    -21.69953   -11.55643
       y2001 |  -11.05319   2.546725    -4.34   0.000    -16.04467   -6.061698
       y2002 |  -12.48181   2.506162    -4.98   0.000     -17.3938   -7.569825
       y2003 |   -14.5161   2.416697    -6.01   0.000    -19.25274   -9.779461
       y2004 |  -15.03285   2.318484    -6.48   0.000    -19.57699    -10.4887
       y2005 |    -14.821   2.340748    -6.33   0.000    -19.40878   -10.23321
       y2006 |  -13.69067   2.379952    -5.75   0.000    -18.35529   -9.026053
       y2007 |  -14.71769   2.596477    -5.67   0.000    -19.80669    -9.62869
       y2008 |  -19.34606   2.850581    -6.79   0.000    -24.93309   -13.75902
       y2009 |  -14.71784   2.883061    -5.10   0.000    -20.36854   -9.067146
       y2010 |  -13.64864   2.615454    -5.22   0.000    -18.77483   -8.522443
       y2011 |   -19.4082   2.800603    -6.93   0.000    -24.89728   -13.91912
       y2012 |  -15.25973   2.701129    -5.65   0.000    -20.55385   -9.965613
       y2013 |  -16.93119   2.599956    -6.51   0.000    -22.02701   -11.83537
       y2014 |  -16.22056   2.592838    -6.26   0.000    -21.30243   -11.13869
       _cons |  -41.53863   12.62129    -3.29   0.001    -66.27591   -16.80135
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Instruments for orthogonal deviations equation
  GMM-type (missing=0, separate instruments for each period unless collapsed)
    L.(L.bgrowth conflict academic political private public board council
    L.lni_budget) collapsed
Instruments for levels equation
  Standard
    creator y1974 y1975 y1976 y1977 y1978 y1979 y1980 y1981 y1982 y1983 y1984
    y1985 y1986 y1987 y1988 y1989 y1990 y1991 y1992 y1993 y1994 y1995 y1996
    y1997 y1998 y1999 y2000 y2001 y2002 y2003 y2004 y2005 y2006 y2007 y2008
    y2009 y2010 y2011 y2012 y2013 y2014
    _cons
  GMM-type (missing=0, separate instruments for each period unless collapsed)
    D.(L.bgrowth conflict academic political private public board council
    L.lni_budget) collapsed
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Arellano-Bond test for AR(1) in first differences: z =  -9.68  Pr > z =  0.000
Arellano-Bond test for AR(2) in first differences: z =   0.33  Pr > z =  0.744
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sargan test of overid. restrictions: chi2(9)    =  20.38  Prob > chi2 =  0.016
  (Not robust, but not weakened by many instruments.)
Hansen test of overid. restrictions: chi2(9)    =  10.89  Prob > chi2 =  0.283
  (Robust, but weakened by many instruments.)

Difference-in-Hansen tests of exogeneity of instrument subsets:
  GMM instruments for levels
    Hansen test excluding group:     chi2(0)    =   0.00  Prob > chi2 =      .
    Difference (null H = exogenous): chi2(9)    =  10.89  Prob > chi2 =  0.283


. 
. *No Lags.
. xtreg bgrowth l.bgrowth i.conflict academic political private public creator board council l.lni_budget y1974-
> y2014, fe r

Fixed-effects (within) regression               Number of obs     =      4,806
Group variable: agency_id                       Number of groups  =        353

R-sq:                                           Obs per group:
     within  = 0.2858                                         min =          1
     between = 0.0155                                         avg =       13.6
     overall = 0.2227                                         max =         42

                                                F(51,352)         =      38.94
corr(u_i, Xb)  = -0.1754                        Prob > F          =     0.0000

                            (Std. Err. adjusted for 353 clusters in agency_id)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
             |               Robust
     bgrowth |      Coef.   Std. Err.      t    P>|t|     [95% Conf. Interval]
-------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
     bgrowth |
         L1. |  -.0667266   .0202638    -3.29   0.001    -.1065801   -.0268732
             |
  1.conflict |  -1.625783    .585625    -2.78   0.006    -2.777547   -.4740192
    academic |   -1.11217   .8813277    -1.26   0.208      -2.8455    .6211607
   political |  -.3195475    .645316    -0.50   0.621    -1.588707    .9496124
     private |   1.191051   1.025134     1.16   0.246    -.8251068    3.207208
      public |   1.073636   .6423482     1.67   0.096    -.1896872    2.336959
     creator |  -.0401661    .525522    -0.08   0.939    -1.073724    .9933918
       board |  -2.003559    .922918    -2.17   0.031    -3.818686   -.1884317
     council |    .672561   .7876837     0.85   0.394    -.8765973    2.221719
             |
  lni_budget |
         L1. |  -.3522793   .5235928    -0.67   0.502    -1.382043    .6774843
             |
       y1974 |  -12.63776   2.556917    -4.94   0.000    -17.66652   -7.609005
       y1975 |  -13.46688   2.174305    -6.19   0.000    -17.74314   -9.190614
       y1976 |  -12.46278   2.484045    -5.02   0.000    -17.34821   -7.577339
       y1977 |  -3.426166   2.540536    -1.35   0.178    -8.422704    1.570372
       y1978 |  -9.167513   2.696561    -3.40   0.001    -14.47091   -3.864116
       y1979 |  -6.785174   2.677054    -2.53   0.012    -12.05021   -1.520142
       y1980 |   -15.5158   2.338163    -6.64   0.000    -20.11432   -10.91727
       y1981 |  -11.26405   2.576028    -4.37   0.000    -16.33039    -6.19771
       y1982 |  -16.44533   2.262395    -7.27   0.000    -20.89485   -11.99582
       y1983 |  -14.88204   2.535096    -5.87   0.000    -19.86788   -9.896201
       y1984 |  -15.82733   2.341044    -6.76   0.000    -20.43153   -11.22314
       y1985 |  -17.24769   2.365141    -7.29   0.000    -21.89928   -12.59611
       y1986 |  -12.86328   2.401206    -5.36   0.000    -17.58579   -8.140766
       y1987 |  -11.74953   2.459098    -4.78   0.000    -16.58591   -6.913162
       y1988 |  -15.95255     2.6221    -6.08   0.000     -21.1095    -10.7956
       y1989 |  -13.62849   2.542102    -5.36   0.000    -18.62811   -8.628869
       y1990 |  -12.54547   2.626332    -4.78   0.000    -17.71074   -7.380192
       y1991 |  -16.87211   2.400338    -7.03   0.000    -21.59292    -12.1513
       y1992 |  -10.96027   2.593219    -4.23   0.000    -16.06042   -5.860116
       y1993 |  -16.08931   2.722531    -5.91   0.000    -21.44378   -10.73483
       y1994 |   -12.2351   2.849446    -4.29   0.000    -17.83918    -6.63102
       y1995 |  -6.410997   2.641856    -2.43   0.016    -11.60681   -1.215189
       y1996 |   29.50852   2.892478    10.20   0.000     23.81981    35.19724
       y1997 |  -38.26455   2.771324   -13.81   0.000    -43.71498   -32.81411
       y1998 |  -16.52005   2.803185    -5.89   0.000    -22.03315   -11.00695
       y1999 |  -11.44041   2.582459    -4.43   0.000     -16.5194   -6.361417
       y2000 |  -16.07495   2.536683    -6.34   0.000    -21.06391   -11.08599
       y2001 |  -11.21128   2.417891    -4.64   0.000    -15.96661    -6.45595
       y2002 |   -12.3479   2.415494    -5.11   0.000    -17.09851    -7.59728
       y2003 |   -13.8473   2.334818    -5.93   0.000    -18.43925   -9.255356
       y2004 |  -14.09572    2.21423    -6.37   0.000    -18.45051   -9.740935
       y2005 |  -14.26466   2.243909    -6.36   0.000    -18.67781   -9.851503
       y2006 |  -12.61815   2.268761    -5.56   0.000    -17.08018   -8.156117
       y2007 |  -12.85702   2.491511    -5.16   0.000    -17.75714   -7.956897
       y2008 |  -19.35428   2.542791    -7.61   0.000    -24.35525   -14.35331
       y2009 |   -15.4045   2.619941    -5.88   0.000    -20.55721   -10.25179
       y2010 |   -13.4543   2.477602    -5.43   0.000    -18.32707   -8.581538
       y2011 |  -18.68215   2.435319    -7.67   0.000    -23.47176   -13.89254
       y2012 |  -14.99891     2.4781    -6.05   0.000    -19.87266   -10.12517
       y2013 |  -15.68272   2.331872    -6.73   0.000    -20.26887   -11.09656
       y2014 |  -15.02012   2.314895    -6.49   0.000    -19.57288   -10.46735
       _cons |   23.62669   9.326705     2.53   0.012      5.28361    41.96976
-------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
     sigma_u |  8.7742763
     sigma_e |  13.838927
         rho |  .28672933   (fraction of variance due to u_i)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

. 
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. 
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. log close
      name:  <unnamed>
       log:  -
  log type:  text
 closed on:  19 Aug 2021, 00:35:40
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